北大英语语言文学专家 刘意青教授
think englishly 阅读
多度 细读 艰苦 喜爱 short cut easy way
初学者，选读物，提高阅读能力，阅读开始，不要求生词难度大，一页大概就5,6个词，和备考雅思托福不一样。
故事类情节读本，非常适合初学者，猜词
随着水平提高，不要局限读故事，读的杂，杂很重要。读英文报刊，科普文章，扩大词汇，英美知识。杨宪益大家，读说 读写结合起来，好的东西，跟别人讲一遍，读到的内容拿来讨论，英文写一遍，听说读写都练习了一遍。国家地理的文章，有图有文。
这篇文章 比较20分钟比较cover， 口译研究生的口试题目，95%考生无法答对。没办法深层理解。
1.who is the narrator ? who was what had happened to her ?第一轮注重细节。
2.第二轮解决语言上的难点，修辞技巧，语言文化知识。第一人称的我，I delivery boy,
3.第三轮读后讨论，分析每个人的性格。
4.英语学习方法，儿歌韵律诗多多背诵。
5.翻译注重信达雅，不要曲解原文，认真负责任，抨击辜正坤等人的翻译不负责的态度。
6.读得快写得快，适合多博士，否则还是放过自己。
刘老教授，性格直接，讲课神采飞扬，是我喜欢的style。要是当年上大学有这样的老师教，现在英美文学史也不至于一片空白了，恶补知识中。
恶补知识：修辞法、词汇学、词源学、文学阅读
Figures of Speech 修辞
Language can be literal or figurative. Literal language says what it means directly. Figurative language uses words to paint a picture, draw an interesting comparison or create an impression.It uses words beyond their literal meanings.
语言文字的表达可以单纯依照字面意思，也能够通过象征性比喻修辞。字面意思直接阐明想法；象征性修辞则如同运用文字“作画”，凸显出对照比较或营造出意象感触。象征性修辞所使用的文字都会超乎其字面意思。
Simile 明喻
Definition
Simile Compares two things or ideas directly, using like or as.
Example
Her eyes shone like diamonds.
Metaphor 暗喻
Definition
An indirect comparison, without using like or as.
Example
Her words pierced my heart. (compares “her words” to the action of a knife or sword).
Personification 拟人
Definition
Attributing human qualities to an idea, thing or animal.
Example
The sun smiled down on us.
Symbol 象征
Definition
An object or person that represents a quality, idea or condition. Some symbols are generally accepted, or even universal; others are used in specific stories or poems to mean specific things.
Example
In many traditions, a dove represents love or peace.
Oxymoron 矛盾
Definition
A combination of contradictory words that create a striking effect.
Example
fiery ice; an intelligent fool; joyful melancholy
1.sweet pain：甜蜜的痛苦
2.tearful smile：笑中带泪
3.deafening silence 震耳欲聋的沉默
4.proud humility：骄傲的谦卑
Hyperbole 夸张
Definition
A deliberately exaggerated statement made for effect.
Example
My parents, who were sitting on the beach, seemed a thousand miles away.
Practice 练习
Match the example with the correct figure of speech or descriptive technique.
练习将下面例句与正确的修辞手法相搭配。
1. Her hair was silk.
2. buzz, roar, boom
3. The sun is like a yellow ball of fire in the sky.
4. The snowflakes danced in the wind.
5. Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
6. Today’s math homework took me 8 million years to finish.
7. Roses stand for romance.
8. There was a deafening silence after the teacher spoke.
A. Hyperbole
B. Symbol
C. Simile
D. Personification
E. Metaphor
F. Onomatopoeia
G. Alliteration
H. Oxymoron
Answers:1. E 2. F 3. C 4. D 5. G 6. A 7. B 8. H
5. Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
这种修辞法是以视、听、触、嗅、味等感觉直接描写事物，通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。
通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
例如:
1. The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）
鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。
2. Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐。
8. Parallelism 排比, 平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语。句子排列成串,形成一个整体。
例如:
1. No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for them separately.
. Euphemism 委婉，婉辞法
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话。
例如:
1. He is out visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下。
2. His relation with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽。
3. Deng Xiaoping passed away in 1997. （去世）
19. Anticlimax 渐降法
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列。
例如:
1. On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
18. Climax 渐进法,层进法
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点。可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象。
例如:
1. I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2. Eye had not seen nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
17.Oxymoron 反意法,逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义。
例如:
1.No light, but rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见
2.The state of this house is cheerless welcome.
15. Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
例如:
1. Not that I loved Caeser less but that I loved Romemore.
2. You are staying; I am going.
3. Give me liberty, or give me death.
14. Rhetorical question 修辞疑问（反问）
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是: 肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定。它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
例如:
1. How was it possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2. Shall we allow those untruths to go unanswered?
13. Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语, 改动其中部分词语, 从而使其产生新意的修辞。
例如:
1.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.
2.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.
3.If you give a girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
12.Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥,作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽效果。它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现。
例如:
1. She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.
2. An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3. If we don't hang together, we shall hang separately.
11. Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失。错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法。
例如:
1. It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念）
2. 'Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. 'the waiter said to the beggar.
10. Allegory 讽喻，比方（原意“寓言”）
建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。
英文解释：an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》一书。
这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法"。它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
例如:
1. Make the hay while the sun shines.
表层含义：趁着出太阳的时候晒草
真正意味：趁热打铁
2. It's time to turn plough into sword.
表层含义：是时候把犁变成剑
