辨识危机与良机
Identify the crises and opportunities
多少个这样的夜晚，周兴和都不能入睡。
Zhou Xinghe couldn't fall asleep on many such nights.
刚开办的企业要正常生产，要维持基本的运行；刚开始的科研试验要投入，需要经济条件来支撑；全家人生活要温饱，就需要拿钱去买油盐柴米——他要操心的事实在是太多了。
The newly established enterprise should maintain its normal production and basic operation; the initial scientific research experiment needed investment and economic condition to support it; the whole family shall be fed, so he needed money to buy the fuel and rice - there were too many things to worry about.
在这个有寒风和落叶的冬夜，白天他处理了一个贪图小便宜损害企业利益的亲戚，面对企业管理中存在的种种问题，周兴和不得不坐下来，认真思考如何对自己企业进行管理。
In this winter night with cold wind and fallen leaves, he dealt with a relative who was greedy for petty gain and harmed the interests of the enterprise in the day. Faced with various problems existing in the management of the enterprise, Zhou Xinghe had to sit down and seriously think about how to manage his own enterprise.
是的，他在盐亭建筑工程队和承包和平建材加工厂时，就发现了这些企业在管理中的种种弊端：由于几十年计划经济的影响，吃惯了“大锅饭”的企业职工，就像当初农村“大呼隆”的集体作业，社员上坡，锄头杵在下巴上站一天就可以在混一天工分。这样的集体，只能是一盘散沙，生产力不但得不到解放，而且还受到严重的束缚，不但生产不出更多粮食，而且人人都还目光短浅勾心斗角。
Well, when he was in Yanting Construction Team and contracted Heping Building Materials Factory, he found out the shortcomings of the enterprise in the management: because of the influence of the decades of planned economy, the staff had used to eat in the "communal pot"; just like the rural collective work, when the members went to work, even they just put their chin on hoe and stood there one day, they could earn the workpoint of that day. Such a collective was nothing but the scattered sands, and the productive force not only could not be liberated, but also seriously constrained, which could not produce more food, and everyone was short-sighted and infighting.
在计划经济运行中的企业，和农村集体生产一样，依然没有跳出这个怪异的窠臼。企业经济效益好坏，与企业领导无关，更与职工无关。而今，虽说在讲企业改革了，但它犹如一列跑在铁轨上的车，其运行的惯性在短时期内是不可能刹住车的。特别是像周兴和组建的这种乡镇企业，其职工主体，基本是刚丢下锄头粪桶到厂里上班的农民，他们难免会将在生产队上班时的积习带到企业中来。在他们观念里，企业无非就是原先的生产队，企业老板无非就是原先的生产队长，企业干好干坏与他们无关，他只管做事拿钱吃饭就行了。对有些人来说，要说糊弄生产队，糊弄生产队长，这是他们幼儿所学，根本是用不着谁来教的。
Enterprise operating in the planned economy, was like rural collective production, not yet jumped out of this strange circle. No matter the enterprise’s economic benefit was good or bad, it had nothing to do with the enterprise leader, nor with the staff. Today, in spite of the reform of the enterprise, it was like a train running on the railway track, the inertia of its operation was impossible to stop in a short time. In particular, the township enterprise like the one set up by Zhou Xinghe, whose staff were basically farmers who had just dropped their hoe and dung buckets to work in the factory, thus it would inevitably bring the accumulated habits of the production team to the enterprise. In their opinion, an enterprise was nothing more than the production team, and the boss was nothing more than the production team leader. It had nothing to do with them whether the enterprise did well or not, he just did his work and got his money for food. For some people, to fool the production team, to fool the production team leader, this was what they learned from children, and no need to teach by others.
这样的企业怎么能适应残酷的市场竞争，怎么能生存发展，怎么能产生经济效益？企业没有效益，哪来钱给职工发工资，老板更谈不上剩余价值。老板没有剩余价值，又如何能让企业正常运行，又怎么能投入再生产？这样的企业，只能进入到恶性循环之中，像先前的盐亭建筑公司与和平建材加工厂一样倒闭！
How could such an enterprise adapt to the brutal market competition, survive and develop, and generate the economic benefits? If an enterprise did not have the profit, how could it have the money to pay the staff’s salary, not mention the surplus value of the boss. If the boss did not have the surplus value, how could the enterprise run normally, how could it put into produce again? Such enterprises, could only enter into a vicious circle, and close down like the previously-mentioned Yanting Construction Company and Heping Building Materials Processing Plant!
其实好长时间以来，周兴和都在苦苦思考和梳理着这些问题。
In fact, for a long time, Zhou Xinghe had been thinking and sorting out these problems.
周兴和虽然没有专门学过企业管理，但他勤于思考，勤于总结，善于将别人的经验教训同自己的实践探索结合起来，得出与常人不一样的结论。
Although Zhou Xinghe did not specialize in business management, he was diligent in thinking and summing up. He was good at learning the experience and lesson of others with his own practice and exploration, and drew conclusions different from ordinary people.
经过思考和梳理，他得出结论：要办好企业，就必须在自己的企业里清除懒惰散漫、为人虚假、妄自尊大、不负责任、胡吹乱说、说东道西，危害团结的一切不良行为；就必须坚决杜绝鼠目寸光、贪图小利、挥霍浪费、假公济私、不廉不法、任人唯亲的恶劣现象发生。
After thinking and sorting, he came to the conclusion that in order to run the enterprise well, he must purge his enterprise of all bad behaviors harmful to unity such as being lazy, insincere, arrogant, irresponsible, nonsense and gossip. It must resolutely put an end to the bad phenomenon as short-sighted, seeking for trifling advantages, spendthrift and waste, jobbery, incorrupt and illegal, and cronyism.
夜深了，人静了。除了窗外光裸的树枝上几片凋残的枯叶，在寒风中发出簌簌的声音，四周已是一片安宁。周兴和久久地站在窗前，寒风吹拂着他的脸颊，拂起了他的头发，望着夜色中的朦胧的景物，他的思绪渐渐清晰起来。
It was late at night and the surroundings were quiet. There was nothing but a few withered leaves on the bare branches outside the window, rustling in the cold wind, and all around was in peace. Zhou Xinghe stood by the window for a long time, the cold wind blowing on his face and whisking his hair, and his thoughts became clear as he looked at the dim scene in the night.
回头转身，他打开电灯，坐了下来，摊开稿纸，重重地在上面写下一行字：星河建材厂《“逆向管理”实施办法》。
Turning around, he turned on the light, sat down, spread out the paper, and heavily wrote on it: Xinghe Building Materials Factory "Reverse Management" Implementation Method.
一下笔，他文思涌动，恨不得把这些年来的所思所想统统付诸笔端。他笔尖在稿纸上疾疾行走，他写道：“‘逆向管理’，是一种全新的概念，全新的管理方式。此之管理，是以有悖其人们常规的管理方式，分解通常的管理过程及其方式方法；而‘顺向管理’是把每一个人视为只能从事最低工作目标的人，一个人的饭三个人吃，一个人的活三个人去干。大家拿钱，少数人干活。干活的人工资奖金拿得少，少干活或不干活的人、会说假话的人工资及奖金还拿得多。几年评一次工资，每评一次就降低一次积极性，每月发一次奖金就会有一次摩擦，归根到底搞不好，因为这种方式是错误的……”
As he began to write, he felt a rush to put into writing all his thoughts over the years. His pen moving over the paper, he wrote, "'Reverse management', is a whole new concept, a brand-new way of management. This management is to break down the usual management process and its method in a way that goes against the normal management. And 'forward management' is to treat each person as a person who can only do the minimum work, so that one person's food is eaten by three persons, and one person's work is doen by three persons. Everyone gets paid but a few do the work. Those who work are paid less in wages and bonuses, while those who work little or do not work but flatter, are paid more. Every time reviewing their salary several years, their motivation will be reduced, and every time paying a bonus every month, there will be frictions. Finally, it could not be done well, because this way is wrong..."
在这个《办法》中，周兴和严肃地总结了过去，郑重地审视着现在，认真地规划着未来。他解释了什么是“逆向管理”、什么是“顺向管理”、“逆向管理”与“顺向管理”有什么不同、“逆向管理”特殊性的具体体现、“逆向管理”的使命、“逆向管理”的终极目标等问题。
In this "Method", Zhou Xinghe seriously summarized the past, seriously examined the present, and carefully planned the future. He explained what is the "reverse management", what is the "forward management", what is the difference between the "reverse management" and "forward management", the specific expression of the particularity of "reverse management", the mission of "reverse management", the ultimate goal of "reverse management" and so on.
他写道：“企业运转随时都可能遇见困难和危机，困难和危机可以致人于死地，又可以赐人以良机，致人死地而后生，化腐朽为神奇；但危机与良机、生存与死亡、腐朽与神奇本身只有一步之遥，能不能由此转生，走出黑暗迎来曙光，最关键的是有没有面对困难的勇气，能否把握好转化条件的技巧和处理问题的决策能力。
He wrote: "Difficulties and crises can be encountered at any time in the operation of an enterprise. They can be fatal, and they can also be good opportunities, just like the death brings birth, to turn the dust into glory. However, the crisis and opportunity, life and death, dust and glory are all close; whether it could turn out of the dark and usher in the dawn, the most important thing is the courage to face the difficulties, to grasp the skills of transformation conditions and the decision-making ability to deal with problems.
“我这个人生性就好冒险，不达目的死不罢休，从来不回避任何困难，从来没有被危机所吓到，更没有落入危机的陷阱而不能自拔。相反，我是专门盯着危机的屁股走。我可以负责任地告诉大家，有几次危机就有几次更大的成功——这叫做‘危机挺进’……
"I have always been a risk-taker, and I never give up until I reach my goal. I have never avoided any difficulty, never been frightened by a crisis, and never fallen into the trap of crisis. Instead, I'm just staring at the crisis and following it. I can responsibly tell you that for every few crises there have been several greater successes - this is called 'marching into crisis'...
“‘逆向管理’最注重关心职工的生活条件、工作环境、身心健康、子女学习或就业。总之，‘逆向管理’就是要求经营者和全体职工与企业共创命运，默默工作，默默奉献，这就是前途——就是企业和员工个人的共同前途……”
"The 'reverse management' pays the greatest attention to the living conditions of employees, the working environment, their physical and mental health, and their children's study or employment. In a word, the 'reverse management' requires the operator and all the staff to create a common destiny with the enterprise, work silently and make contributions quietly, which is the future - the common future of the enterprise and the employees..."
这是1992年11月27日。
This was November 27, 1992.
写到深夜，当周兴和在稿纸上打下最后一个句号，他站起来活动了一下腰身，抬起手腕看了看表，时针已指向晚凌晨2点了。
Late at night, when Zhou Xinghe wrote the last full stop on the paper, he stood up, moved his body, raised his wrist and looked at his watch. It was two o 'clock in the midnight.
说句公道话，周兴和能在20年前，在民营企业管理中，就能够提出自己独到的见解，这在当时的经营者中是很少见的。他的“逆向管理”思考，以及提出企业的管理方式方法，虽还不能完全形成理论体系，但他能够较早地看到了企业管理中的种种矛盾和弊端，比较超前地提出了现代企业管理的一些基本理念，比较明智地提出了企业管理中的文化建设问题，并多年在企业管理中进行实践探索，对于一个未经过专业培训的农民企业家来说，确实是难能可贵的。
To be fair, Zhou Xinghe was able to put forward his original views on the management of private enterprises 20 years ago, which was very rare among the operators at that time. His "reverse management" thought and enterprise management method, was still not fully formed the theoretical system, but he was able to see various contradictions and defects in the enterprise management, present some basic concepts of more advanced modern enterprise management, wisely put forward the problem of cultural construction in enterprise management, and carry on the practical exploration for many years in the enterprise management, for a farmer entrepreneur without professional training, which was really valuable.
夜更深了，周兴和一口气把心里要想说的话都写在了纸上，仿佛吐出了多日淤积于心的块垒，从心底里感到了一丝欣慰。他搓了搓有些冻僵了的手，站了起来，缓缓走到了窗前。夜色里，不知什么地方，突然传来几声饥寒的狗吠。莫名其妙，一丝忧虑不知怎么又爬上了他的心际：目前企业所处的环境，家庭所面临的情形，毫无疑问都隐含着种种的危机，那么，该如何去化解当前的危机呢？
Later at night, Zhou Xinghe wrote down what he wanted to say in one breath on the paper, as if he had spouted out the blocks that had accumulated in his heart for many days, and felt a sense of relief from the bottom of his heart. He rubbed his frozen hands, got up, and walked slowly to the window. In the night, somewhere, suddenly came the sound of dogs barking in hungry and cold. Baffling, a bit of worry somehow climbed into his mind: for the current environment of his enterprise, and the situation in his family, there was no doubt that there were all kinds of hidden crises, then, how to resolve the current crisis?
昏黄的电灯已发出惺忪的光影，寒风依然吹拂着外面的残枝败叶。一些乱七八糟的思绪，让周兴和已经没有了丝毫的睡意，他又陷入久久的沉思之中。
The dim light of the electric light was already drowsy, and the cold wind was still blowing the branches and leaves outside. Some chaotic thoughts made Zhou Xinghe sleepless, and he sank into a long-time meditation again.
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2021年9月5日《廉政内参》第4期的第38页“人民心声”栏目刊登标题“我国建筑和建材领域一场颠覆性的革命”，其中第三节（第42页）小标题“愿星河新型材料的伟大发明得到国家大力推广，造福人类”的第七行摘要：“在当今中国，利用自己研发的高新科技成果走向世界的有两个人和两个项目：一个是袁隆平先生和他的杂交水稻，正在解决人们的吃饭问题；一个是周兴和先生和他的秸秆建材，正在解决人们的住房问题”。合乎科技兴国的伟大战略。
