<div class="article-body kancloud-markdown-body"><h3><a id="_0"></a>概述</h3>
<p>Nginx 是使用一个 master 进程来管理多个 worker 进程提供服务。master 负责管理 worker 进程,而 worker 进程则提供真正的客户服务,worker 进程的数量一般跟服务器上 CPU 的核心数相同,worker 之间通过一些进程间通信机制实现负载均衡等功能。Nginx 进程之间的关系可由下图表示:</p>
<p><img src="https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-09-01_57c7edce687dc.jpg" alt=""></p>
<p>Nginx 服务启动时会读入配置文件,后续的行为则按照配置文件中的指令进行。Nginx 的配置文件是纯文本文件,默认安装 Nginx 后,其配置文件均在 /usr/local/nginx/conf/ 目录下。其中,nginx.conf 为主配置文件。配置文件中以 # 开始的行,或者是前面有若干空格或者 TAB 键,然后再跟 # 的行,都被认为是注释。这里只是了解主配置文件的结构。</p>
<p>Nginx 配置文件是以 block(块)形式组织,每个 block 都是以一个块名字和一对大括号 “{}” 表示组成,block 分为几个层级,整个配置文件为 main 层级,即最大的层级;在 main 层级下可以有 event、http 、mail 等层级,而 http 中又会有 server block,server block中可以包含 location block。即块之间是可以嵌套的,内层块继承外层块。最基本的配置项语法格式是“配置项名 配置项值1 配置项值2 配置项值3 ... ”;</p>
<p>每个层级可以有自己的指令(Directive),例如 worker_processes 是一个main层级指令,它指定 Nginx 服务的 Worker 进程数量。有的指令只能在一个层级中配置,如worker_processes 只能存在于 main 中,而有的指令可以存在于多个层级,在这种情况下,子 block 会继承 父 block 的配置,同时如果子block配置了与父block不同的指令,则会覆盖掉父 block 的配置。指令的格式是“指令名 参数1 参数2 … 参数N;”,注意参数间可用任意数量空格分隔,最后要加分号。</p>
<p>下图是 Nginx 配置文件通常结构图示。</p>
<p><img src="https://box.kancloud.cn/2016-09-01_57c7edce82018.jpg" alt=""></p>
<h3><a id="Nginx__18"></a>Nginx 服务的基本配置项</h3>
<p>Nginx 服务运行时,需要加载几个核心模块和一个事件模块,这些模块运行时所支持的配置项称为基本配置;基本配置项大概可分为以下四类:</p>
<ul><li>用于调试、定位的配置项;</li><li>正常运行的必备配置项;</li><li>优化性能的配置项;</li><li>事件类配置项;</li></ul>
<p>各个配置项的具体实现如下:</p>
<pre><code class="ಠhighlight-container"><span class="token comment">/* Nginx 服务基本配置项 */</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 用于调试、定位的配置项 */</span>
以守护进程 Nginx 运行方式
语法:daemon off <span class="token operator">|</span> on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:daemon on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
master <span class="token operator">/</span> worker 工作方式
语法:master_process on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:master_process on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
error 日志设置
路径 错误级别
语法:error_log <span class="token operator">/</span>path<span class="token operator">/</span>file level<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:error_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>error<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log error<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
其中<span class="token operator">/</span>path<span class="token operator">/</span>file是一个具体文件;level是日志的输出级别,其取值如下:
debug info notice warn error crit alert emerg
从左至右级别增大;若设定一个级别后,则在输出的日志文件中只输出级别大于或等于已设定的级别;
处理特殊调试点
语法:debug_points <span class="token punctuation">[</span>stop <span class="token operator">|</span> abort<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
这个设置是来跟踪调试 Nginx 的;
仅对指定的客户端输出 debug 级别的日志
语法:debug_connection <span class="token punctuation">[</span>IP <span class="token operator">|</span> DIR<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
限制 coredump 核心转储文件的大小
语法:worker_rlimit_core size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
指定 coredump 文件的生成目录
语法:working_directory path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 正常运行的配置项 */</span>
定义环境变量
语法:env VAR <span class="token operator">|</span> VAR<span class="token operator">=</span>VALUE<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
VAR 是变量名,VALUE 是目录;
嵌入其他配置文件
语法:include <span class="token operator">/</span>path<span class="token operator">/</span>file<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
include 配置项可以将其他配置文件嵌入到 Nginx 的 nginx<span class="token punctuation">.</span>conf 文件中;
pid 的文件路径
语法:pid path<span class="token operator">/</span>file<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:pid logs<span class="token operator">/</span>nginx<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pid<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
保存 master 进程 ID 的 pid 文件存放路径;
Nginx worker 运行的用户及用户组
语法:user username <span class="token punctuation">[</span>groupname<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:user nobody nobody<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
指定 Nginx worker进程可打开最大句柄个数
语法:worker_rlimit_nofile limit<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
限制信号队列
语法:worker_rlimit_sigpending limit<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
设置每个用户发给 Nginx 的信号队列大小,超出则丢弃;
<span class="token comment">/* 优化性能配置项 */</span>
Nginx worker 进程的个数
语法:worker_process number<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:worker_process <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
绑定 Nginx worker 进程到指定的 CPU 内核
语法:worker_cpu_affinity cpumask <span class="token punctuation">[</span>cpumask<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span>
SSL 硬件加速
语法:ssl_engine device<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
系统调用 gettimeofday 的执行频率
语法:timer_resolution t<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
Nginx worker 进程优先级设置
语法:worker_priority nice<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:worker_priority <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 事件类配置项 */</span>
一般有以下几种配置:
<span class="token number">1</span>、是否打开accept锁
语法格式:accept_mutex <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>、lock文件的路径
语法格式:lock_file path<span class="token operator">/</span>file<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>、使用accept锁后到真正建立连接之间的延迟时间
语法格式:accept_mutex_delay Nms<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>、批量建立新连接
语法格式:multi_accept <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>、选择事件模型
语法格式:use <span class="token punctuation">[</span>kqueue <span class="token operator">|</span> rtisg <span class="token operator">|</span> epoll <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">/</span>dev<span class="token operator">/</span>poll <span class="token operator">|</span> select <span class="token operator">|</span> poll <span class="token operator">|</span> eventport<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>、每个worker进行的最大连接数
语法格式:worker_connections number<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
</code></pre>
<p>HTTP 核心模块的配置</p>
<p>具体可以参看《<a href="http://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_core_module.html" target="_blank">Nginx 中 HTTP 核心模块配置</a>》</p>
<pre><code class="ಠhighlight-container"><span class="token comment">/* HTTP 核心模块配置的功能 */</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 虚拟主机与请求分发 */</span>
监听端口
语法:listen address<span class="token punctuation">:</span>port<span class="token punctuation">[</span>default <span class="token operator">|</span> default_server <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>backlong<span class="token operator">=</span>num <span class="token operator">|</span> rcvbuf<span class="token operator">=</span>size <span class="token operator">|</span> sndbuf<span class="token operator">=</span>size <span class="token operator">|</span>
accept_filter <span class="token operator">|</span> deferred <span class="token operator">|</span> bind <span class="token operator">|</span> ipv6only<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> ssl<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:listen<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
说明:
default或default_server:将所在的server块作为web服务的默认server块;当请求无法匹配配置文件中的所有主机名时,就会选择默认的虚拟主机;
backlog<span class="token operator">=</span>num:表示 TCP 中backlog队列存放TCP新连接请求的大小,默认是<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token number">1</span>,表示不予设置;
rcvbuf<span class="token operator">=</span>size:设置监听句柄SO_RCVBUF的参数;
sndbuf<span class="token operator">=</span>size:设置监听句柄SO_SNDBUF的参数;
accept_filter:设置accept过滤器,只对FreeBSD操作系统有用;
deferred:设置该参数后,若用户发起TCP连接请求,并且完成TCP三次握手,但是若用户没有发送数据,则不会唤醒worker进程,直到发送数据;
bind:绑定当前端口 <span class="token operator">/</span> 地址对,只有同时对一个端口监听多个地址时才会生效;
ssl:在当前端口建立的连接必须基于ssl协议;
配置块范围:server
主机名称
语法:server_name name<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_name <span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server
server name 是使用散列表存储的
每个散列桶占用内存大小
语法:server_names_hash_bucket_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_names_hash_bucker_size <span class="token number">32</span><span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token number">64</span><span class="token operator">|</span><span class="token number">128</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
散列表最大bucket数量
语法:server_names_hash_max_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_names_hash_max_size <span class="token number">512</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_name_in_redirect on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server、http、location
处理重定向主机名
语法:server_name_in_redirect on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_name_in_redirect on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server、http、location
location语法:location<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">~</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">^</span><span class="token operator">~</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> @<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">/</span>uri<span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
配置块范围:server
#location尝试根据用户请求中的URI来匹配 <span class="token operator">/</span>uri表达式,若匹配成功,则执行<span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>里面的配置来处理用户请求
以下是location的一般配置项
<span class="token number">1</span>、以root方式设置资源路径
语法格式:root path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>、以alias方式设置资源路径
语法格式:alias path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>、访问首页
语法格式:index file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>、根据HTTP返回码重定向页面
语法格式:error_page code <span class="token punctuation">[</span>code<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">=</span>answer<span class="token operator">-</span>code<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri <span class="token operator">|</span> @named_location<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>、是否允许递归使用error_page
语法格式:recursive_error_pages <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>、try_files
语法格式:try_files path1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>path2<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 文件路径的定义 */</span>
root方式设置资源路径
语法:root path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server、http、location、<span class="token keyword">if</span>
以alias方式设置资源路径
语法:alias path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:location
访问主页
语法:index file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:index index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
根据HTTP返回码重定向页面
语法:error_page code <span class="token punctuation">[</span>code<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">=</span>answer<span class="token operator">-</span>code<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri <span class="token operator">|</span> @named_location<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server、http、location、<span class="token keyword">if</span>
是否允许递归使用error_page
语法:recursive_error_pages <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
try_files
语法:try_files path1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>path2<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:server、location
<span class="token comment">/* 内存及磁盘资源分配 */</span>
HTTP 包体只存储在磁盘文件中
语法:client_body_in_file_only on <span class="token operator">|</span> clean <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_body_in_file_only off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
HTTP 包体尽量写入到一个内存buffer中
语法:client_body_single_buffer on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_body_single_buffer off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
存储 HTTP 头部的内存buffer大小
语法:client_header_buffer_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_header_buffer_size <span class="token number">1</span>k<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server
存储超大 HTTP 头部的内存buffer大小
语法:large_client_header_buffer_size number size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:large_client_header_buffer_size <span class="token number">4</span> <span class="token number">8</span>k<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server
存储 HTTP 包体的内存buffer大小
语法:client_body_buffer_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_body_buffer_size <span class="token number">8</span>k<span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">16</span>k<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
HTTP 包体的临时存放目录
语法:client_body_temp_path dir<span class="token operator">-</span>path <span class="token punctuation">[</span>level1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>level2 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>level3<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_body_temp_path client_body_temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
存储 TCP 成功建立连接的内存池大小
语法:connection_pool_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:connection_pool_size <span class="token number">256</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server
存储 TCP 请求连接的内存池大小
语法:request_pool_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:request_pool_size <span class="token number">4</span>k<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server
<span class="token comment">/* 网络连接设置 */</span>
读取 HTTP 头部的超时时间
语法:client_header_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_header_timeout <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
读取 HTTP 包体的超时时间
语法:client_body_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_body_timeout <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
发送响应的超时时间
语法:send_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:send_timeout <span class="token number">60</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
TCP 连接的超时重置
语法:reset_timeout_connection on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:reset_timeout_connection off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
控制关闭 TCP 连接的方式
语法:lingering_close off <span class="token operator">|</span> on <span class="token operator">|</span> always<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:lingering_close on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
always 表示关闭连接之前无条件处理连接上所有用户数据;
off 表示不处理;on 一般会处理;
lingering_time
语法:lingering_time time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:lingering_time <span class="token number">30</span>s<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
lingering_timeout
语法:lingering_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:lingering_time <span class="token number">5</span>s<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
对某些浏览器禁止keepalive功能
语法:keepalive_disable <span class="token punctuation">[</span>mise6 <span class="token operator">|</span> safari <span class="token operator">|</span> none<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>
默认:keepalive_disable mise6 safari<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
keepalive超时时间
语法:keepalive_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:keepalive_timeout <span class="token number">75</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
keepalive长连接上允许最大请求数
语法:keepalive_requests n<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:keepalive_requests <span class="token number">100</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
tcp_nodelay
语法:tcp_nodelay on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:tcp_nodelay on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
tcp_nopush
语法:tcp_nopush on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:tcp_nopush off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
<span class="token comment">/* MIME 类型设置 */</span>
MIME type 与文件扩展的映射
语法:type<span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
多个扩展名可映射到同一个 MIME type
默认 MIME type
语法:default_type MIME<span class="token operator">-</span>type<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:default_type text<span class="token operator">/</span>plain<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
type_hash_bucket_size
语法:type_hash_bucket_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:type_hash_bucket_size <span class="token number">32</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">64</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token number">128</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
type_hash_max_size
语法:type_hash_max_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:type_hash_max_size <span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
<span class="token comment">/* 限制客户端请求 */</span>
按 HTTP 方法名限制用户请求
语法:limit_except method<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
配置块:location
method 的取值如下:
GET、HEAD、POST、PUT、DELETE、MKCOL、COPY、MOVE、OPTIONS、
PROPFIND、PROPPATCH、LOCK、UNLOCK、PATCH
HTTP 请求包体的最大值
语法:client_max_body_size size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:client_max_body_size <span class="token number">1</span>m<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location
对请求限制速度
语法:limit_rate speed<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:limit_rate <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location、<span class="token keyword">if</span>
<span class="token number">0</span> 表示不限速
limit_rate_after规定时间后限速
语法:limit_rate_after time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:limit_rate_after <span class="token number">1</span>m<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块范围:http、server、location、<span class="token keyword">if</span>
<span class="token comment">/* 文件操作的优化 */</span>
sendfile系统调用
语法:sendfile on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:sendfile off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
AIO 系统调用
语法:aio on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:aio off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
directio
语法:directio size <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:directio off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
directio_alignment
语法:directio_alignment size<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:directio_alignment <span class="token number">512</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
打开文件缓存
语法:open_file_cache max<span class="token operator">=</span>N <span class="token punctuation">[</span>inactive<span class="token operator">=</span>time<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:open_file_cache off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
是否缓存打开文件的错误信息
语法:open_file_cache_errors on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:open_file_cache_errors off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
不被淘汰的最小访问次数
语法:open_file_cache_min_user number<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:open_file_cache_min_user <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
检验缓存中元素有效性的频率
语法:open_file_cache_valid time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:open_file_cache_valid <span class="token number">60</span>s<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
<span class="token comment">/* 客户请求的特殊处理 */</span>
忽略不合法的 HTTP 头部
语法:ignore_invalid_headers on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:ignore_invalid_headers on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server
HTTP 头部是否允许下划线
语法:underscores_in_headers on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:underscores_in_headers off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server
If_Modified_Since 头部的处理策略
语法:if_modified_since <span class="token punctuation">[</span>off <span class="token operator">|</span> exact <span class="token operator">|</span> before<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
默认:if_modified_since exact<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
文件未找到时是否记录到error日志
语法:log_not_found on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:log_not_found on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
是否合并相邻的“<span class="token operator">/</span>”
语法:merge_slashes on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:merge_slashes on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
DNS解析地址
语法:resolver address<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
DNS解析的超时时间
语法:resolver_timeout time<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:resolver_timeout <span class="token number">30</span>s<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
返回错误页面是否在server中注明Nginx版本
语法:server_tokens on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
默认:server_tokens on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
配置块:http、server、location
</code></pre>
<p>以下是在 Ubuntu 12.04 系统成功安装 Nginx 之后的主配置文件:</p>
<pre><code class="ಠhighlight-container">#Nginx服务器正常启动时会读取该配置文件,以下的值都是默认的,若需要可自行修改;
以下是配置选项
Nginx worker进程运行的用户以及用户组
语法格式:user username<span class="token punctuation">[</span>groupname<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
user nobody<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
Nginx worker 进程个数
worker_processes <span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
error 日志设置
语法格式:error <span class="token operator">/</span>path<span class="token operator">/</span>file level
其中<span class="token operator">/</span>path<span class="token operator">/</span>file是一个具体文件;level是日志的输出级别,其取值如下:
debug info notice warn error crit alert emerg<span class="token punctuation">,</span>从左至右级别增大;
若设定一个级别后,则在输出的日志文件中只输出级别大于或等于已设定的级别;
error_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>error<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
error_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>error<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log notice<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
error_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>error<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log info<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
保存master进程ID的pid文件存放路径
语法格式:pid path<span class="token operator">/</span>file
pid logs<span class="token operator">/</span>nginx<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pid<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
事件类配置项
一般有以下几种配置:
<span class="token number">1</span>、是否打开accept锁
语法格式:accept_mutex <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>、lock文件的路径
语法格式:lock_file path<span class="token operator">/</span>file<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>、使用accept锁后到真正建立连接之间的延迟时间
语法格式:accept_mutex_delay Nms<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>、批量建立新连接
语法格式:multi_accept <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>、选择事件模型
语法格式:use <span class="token punctuation">[</span>kqueue <span class="token operator">|</span> rtisg <span class="token operator">|</span> epoll <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">/</span>dev<span class="token operator">/</span>poll <span class="token operator">|</span> select <span class="token operator">|</span> poll <span class="token operator">|</span> eventport<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>、每个worker进行的最大连接数
语法格式:worker_connections number<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
events <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
worker_connections <span class="token number">1024</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
以下是http模块
http <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
include mime<span class="token punctuation">.</span>types<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
default_type application<span class="token operator">/</span>octet<span class="token operator">-</span>stream<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#log_format main <span class="token string">'$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '</span>
# <span class="token string">'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '</span>
# <span class="token string">'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#access_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>access<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log main<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
sendfile on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#tcp_nopush on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#keepalive_timeout <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
keepalive_timeout <span class="token number">65</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#gzip on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
server块
每个server块就是一个虚拟主机,按照server_name来区分
server <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
监听端口
listen <span class="token number">80</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
主机名称
server_name localhost<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#charset koi8<span class="token operator">-</span>r<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#access_log logs<span class="token operator">/</span>host<span class="token punctuation">.</span>access<span class="token punctuation">.</span>log main<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
location语法:location<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">~</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">~</span><span class="token operator">*</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">^</span><span class="token operator">~</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> @<span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator">/</span>uri<span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>
#location尝试根据用户请求中的URI来匹配 <span class="token operator">/</span>uri表达式,若匹配成功,则执行<span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span>里面的配置来处理用户请求
以下是location的一般配置项
<span class="token number">1</span>、以root方式设置资源路径
语法格式:root path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">2</span>、以alias方式设置资源路径
语法格式:alias path<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">3</span>、访问首页
语法格式:index file<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">4</span>、根据HTTP返回码重定向页面
语法格式:error_page code <span class="token punctuation">[</span>code<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">|</span> <span class="token operator">=</span>answer<span class="token operator">-</span>code<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri <span class="token operator">|</span> @named_location<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">5</span>、是否允许递归使用error_page
语法格式:recursive_error_pages <span class="token punctuation">[</span>on <span class="token operator">|</span> off<span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token number">6</span>、try_files
语法格式:try_files path1 <span class="token punctuation">[</span>path2<span class="token punctuation">]</span> uri<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
location <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
index index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>htm<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
#error_page <span class="token number">404</span> <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">404.</span>html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# redirect server error pages to the static page <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">50</span>x<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html
#
error_page <span class="token number">500</span> <span class="token number">502</span> <span class="token number">503</span> <span class="token number">504</span> <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">50</span>x<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
location <span class="token operator">=</span> <span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">50</span>x<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on <span class="token number">127.0</span><span class="token number">.0</span><span class="token number">.1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">80</span>
#
#location <span class="token operator">~</span> \<span class="token punctuation">.</span>php$ <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# proxy_pass http<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token operator">/</span><span class="token number">127.0</span><span class="token number">.0</span><span class="token number">.1</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on <span class="token number">127.0</span><span class="token number">.0</span><span class="token number">.1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">9000</span>
#
#location <span class="token operator">~</span> \<span class="token punctuation">.</span>php$ <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# fastcgi_pass <span class="token number">127.0</span><span class="token number">.0</span><span class="token number">.1</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">9000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# fastcgi_index index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>php<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME <span class="token operator">/</span>scripts$fastcgi_script_name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# include fastcgi_params<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
# deny access to <span class="token punctuation">.</span>htaccess files<span class="token punctuation">,</span> <span class="token keyword">if</span> Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location <span class="token operator">~</span> <span class="token operator">/</span>\<span class="token punctuation">.</span>ht <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# deny all<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
#<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
# another virtual host using mix of IP<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> name<span class="token operator">-</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span> and port<span class="token operator">-</span>based configuration
#
#server <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# listen <span class="token number">8000</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# listen somename<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">8080</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# server_name somename alias another<span class="token punctuation">.</span>alias<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# location <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# index index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>htm<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
#<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
# HTTPS server
#
#server <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# listen <span class="token number">443</span> ssl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# server_name localhost<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_certificate cert<span class="token punctuation">.</span>pem<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_certificate_key cert<span class="token punctuation">.</span>key<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_session_cache shared<span class="token punctuation">:</span>SSL<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token number">1</span>m<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_session_timeout <span class="token number">5</span>m<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_ciphers HIGH<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">!</span>aNULL<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token operator">!</span>MD5<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# location <span class="token operator">/</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
# root html<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# index index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>html index<span class="token punctuation">.</span>htm<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
# <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
#<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>
</code></pre>
<p>参考资料:</p>
<p>《深入理解Nginx》</p>
<p>《<a href="http://kb.cnblogs.com/page/98352/#section1-2" target="_blank">Nginx模块开发入门</a>》</p>
<p>《<a href="http://tengine.taobao.org/book/index.html" target="_blank">Nginx开发从入门到精通</a>》</p>
<p>https://www.kancloud.cn/digest/understandingnginx/202587</p>
<p><a href="https://mobile.yangkeduo.com/goods.html?goods_id=975456052" target="_blank">点击得好礼</a></p>
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