定义:将“请求”封装成对象,以便使用不同的请求、队列或者日志来参数化其他对象。命令模式也支持撤销的操作。注意命令模式是将请求封装成对象!
其实简单的说,命令模式就是把方法调用封装起来了,通过封装方法调用,可以把运算块包装成型,所以调用此运算的对象不需要关心事情是如何进行的,只要知道如何使用包装成型的方法来完成它就可以。
命令模式的使用场景:当需要将发出请求的对象和执行请求的对象解耦的时候,请考虑使用命令模式吧。
场景举例:设计一款多功能遥控器,该遥控器可以控制家里各个电器的状态,例如电灯的开关,电视的开关,电扇的速度,车库门的开关等等,下面使用命令模式实现这个遥控器。在这里,发出请求的对象是遥控器,执行请求的对象是各种电器。
首先需要让所有的命令对象实现同一个命令接口
public interface Command {
public void execute();
public void undo();
}
接口中有两个方法,一个是执行动作的方法execute,一个是撤销动作的方法undo;
下面实现电灯打开关闭命令前先声明一个电灯类
public class Light {
protected void on() {
System.out.println("light is on");
}
protected void off() {
System.out.println("light is off");
}
}
电灯类只有两个方法on—>打开,off—>关闭;然后实现打开电灯的命令
public class LightOnCommand implements Command {
Light light;
public LightOnCommand(Light light) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
this.light = light;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
light.on();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
light.off();
}
}
注意undo的操作正好是与execute的操作相反的;在写一个电灯关闭的命令。
public class LightOffCommand implements Command {
Light light;
public LightOffCommand(Light light) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
this.light = light;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
light.off();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
light.on();
}
}
再增加一个车库门的开启和关闭。
public class GarageDoor {
public void up() {
System.out.println("the garagedoor is up!");
}
public void down() {
System.out.println("the garagedoor is down!");
}
public void lightOn() {
System.out.println("the garagedoor's light is on!");
}
public void lightOff() {
System.out.println("the garagedoor's light is off!");
}
}
public class GarageDoorOpenCommand implements Command {
GarageDoor garageDoor;
public GarageDoorOpenCommand(GarageDoor garageDoor) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
this.garageDoor = garageDoor;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
garageDoor.up();
garageDoor.lightOn();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
garageDoor.down();
garageDoor.lightOff();
}
}
public class GarageDoorCloseCommand implements Command {
GarageDoor garageDoor;
public GarageDoorCloseCommand(GarageDoor garageDoor) {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
this.garageDoor = garageDoor;
}
@Override
public void execute() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
garageDoor.down();
garageDoor.lightOff();
}
@Override
public void undo() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
garageDoor.up();
garageDoor.lightOn();
}
}
然后就是遥控器的实现了。
public class RemoteControl {
/*
* 由于对应多个电器这里采用数组记录这些命令
*/
Command[] onCommands;
Command[] offCommands;
Command undoCommand;//用来记录撤销命令
public RemoteControl() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
onCommands = new Command[7];
offCommands = new Command[7];
Command noCommand = new NoCommand();//初始化是都是空命令
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
onCommands[i] = noCommand;
offCommands[i] = noCommand;
}
undoCommand=noCommand;
}
public void setCommand(int slot, Command onCommand, Command offCommand) {
onCommands[slot] = onCommand;
offCommands[slot] = offCommand;
}
public void onButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
onCommands[slot].execute();
undoCommand=onCommands[slot];
}
public void offButtonWasPushed(int slot) {
offCommands[slot].execute();
undoCommand=offCommands[slot];
}
public void undoButtonWasPushed(){
undoCommand.undo();
}
}
空命令在这里什么也不做,只是保证上的按钮均有命令对象存在,空命令的实现。
public class NoCommand implements Command {
@Override
public void execute() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
System.out.println("no command!");
}
@Override
public void undo() {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
}
}
开始测试一下遥控器。
public class RemoteLoader {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
RemoteControl remoteControl=new RemoteControl();
Light light=new Light();
LightOnCommand lightOn=new LightOnCommand(light);
LightOffCommand lightOff =new LightOffCommand(light);
GarageDoor garageDoor=new GarageDoor();
GarageDoorOpenCommand garageDoorOpen=new GarageDoorOpenCommand(garageDoor);
GarageDoorCloseCommand garageDoorClose=new GarageDoorCloseCommand(garageDoor);
remoteControl.setCommand(0, lightOn, lightOff);
remoteControl.setCommand(1, garageDoorOpen, garageDoorClose);
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(1);
remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(0);
remoteControl.offButtonWasPushed(1);
}
}
打印结果:
light is on
the garagedoor is up!
the garagedoor's light is on!
light is off
the garagedoor is down!
the garagedoor's light is off!
遥控器实现完毕,测试一下撤销命令。
public class RemoteLoader {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
RemoteControl remoteControl=new RemoteControl();
Light light=new Light();
LightOnCommand lightOn=new LightOnCommand(light);
LightOffCommand lightOff =new LightOffCommand(light);
remoteControl.setCommand(0, lightOn, lightOff);
remoteControl.onButtonWasPushed(0);
System.out.println("****************");
remoteControl.undoButtonWasPushed();
}
}
打印结果:
light is on
****************
light is off
**总结 **:
(1)命令模式将发出请求的对象和执行请求的对象解耦;
(2)在被解耦的两者之间是通过命令对象进行沟通的。命令对象封装了接受者和一个或一组动作。
(3)调用者通过调用命令对象的execute()发出请求,这会使得接受者的动作被调用。
(4)调用者可以接受命令当作参数,甚至在运行时动态的进行。
(5)命令可以支持撤销,做法是实现一个undo()方法来回到上一个execute()被执行前的状态。