网络上最近因为“写作业”,一夜之间多了很多吼叫的老虎妈妈和咆哮的狮子爸爸,竟然还有住院的、去世的......
因为学校“减负”的呼声震天动地,所以家庭“增负”的压力与日俱增。
我不知道你是不是也深有体会,反正我感悟颇多。
美国小学生也有那么多作业吗?
有的有,有的没有。
我家孩子有作业。
在陪孩子写作业的过程中我发现了三件事情:
1、孩子知道作业的意义
讲两个故事:
(1)
老师家访,我特意嘱咐孩子跟老师提要求,把自己不愿意做作业这件事情勇敢地跟老师讲,让老师少留点儿作业。
而且,我反复强调,过了这个村儿,没这个店儿,只要你提出来,妈妈会坚决支持你。
等老师真到我们家了,气氛和谐地不得了!
一天都不愿意做的作业,当着老师的面,趁老师与我们聊天的时候,孩子一笔一画认认真真地写完了。
我看儿子什么意见也没提,心里非常不爽,故意提出作业的问题: “你们学校的作业是不是有点儿多,孩子做得挺辛苦。”
老师说,“是吗?”接着问儿子:“你觉得做作业有困难吗?”
这熊孩子当着老师的面好像变了一个人。“不难,我最喜欢做作业了。”
我差不点把刚喝到嘴里的水喷出来。
老师很得意的笑了。
等老师走了以后,我就问他:你在老师面前怎么表现那么好,在我面前为什么磨磨蹭蹭?
他很不解的看着我:妈妈,这是我的秘密,不能让她知道。
我从来没说过写作业是“为了你好”,显然也不必说。但那并不等于他心甘情愿被剥削玩儿的时间。
(2)
一次看儿子写作业挺辛苦的,在涂色的那个环节,我帮他涂。
他立马给我推开,“妈妈我喜欢涂色,不需要你帮忙。你已经都上过小学了,这些作业你都会了,不需要再做了。我还小,我的作业得自己做。”
我有种孩子瞬间长大的错觉!
是不是在做自己感兴趣的事情,对孩子来说很重要。
2、孩子不喜欢的作业往往是不合理的作业
刚上学的5岁小孩儿,还不认识几个字,不怎么会读书,老师的作业竟然是写读书笔记。
不会写字?画啊!自己用自己的语言表达,然后尝试着拼啊。美其名曰,练习写作。
实话实说,我学了这么多年英文、汉语偶尔还提笔忘字呢,你让一个不会写也不怎么会画的孩子去写读书笔记,还要自己归纳总结,真有点儿难为他了。
每次写读书笔记之前,孩子都先给自己“默哀”几分钟,然后再看看天儿,摆弄摆弄玩具橡皮之类的。
这个时候,我一说写作业,小朋友就说“妈妈,你要把我逼疯吗。”让我一脸懵逼。
但是数数、涂颜色、拼图这种带有“趣味”的作业,他可是从不拖延。
对于小学生来说,如果老师布置的作业孩子不愿做,我觉得就是不合理;如果孩子不会做,那一定是老师没教会。不是所有的作业都是适合孩子的年龄和能力的,更不要提开发人类的潜力。类似的不合理还有训练小学生奥数的思维拓展,纯粹一堆解题技巧变换,远远超出了同年龄段的数学学习要求,那种培养机器人的训练在我看来不要也罢。
3、小孩儿也有自己的烦恼
一次睡觉前,儿子跟我聊天,“妈妈,我觉得你写字真好看,我也想像你写得那么好,那么快。我写得好慢啊。”
我一直以为他写字慢,是因为磨蹭,哪知那竟是他的烦恼。
于是我给他讲我小时候写作业的故事,给他讲我写了多少字才练得这么快这么好,即使如此还山外有山。
他还跟我吐槽,同桌写字很快。
我赶紧说,你以为你们小朋友就课堂上学那点儿东西就够啦,她背后还不知道练习了多少遍呢,人生下来还不会走呢。
儿子听了,似乎很满意,觉得自己也没有那么糟糕。
以后陪着写作业的时候,我会多多鼓励,你这个8写得真漂亮,2没有写反(他经常写成S),6和9都写对啦,O写得真漂亮啊。
儿子总是自豪地说,“妈妈我练习了很多遍了,不会写错了”。
小孩儿的能力有限,但他们需要的永远都是倾听、鼓励、支持,还有爱。
其实,美国有很多地区规定小学生不允许有作业,而且有逐年递增的趋势。
1. 为什么小学生可以没有作业?
(1)小学生作业与学习成绩无关
In 2006, Harris Cooper shared his meta-analytic study, which found homework in elementary school (K-5th grade) does not contribute to academic achievement. Said differently: Homework has become just busy work in the United States, and children aren’t learning anything additional from it. And let’s be honest, at one point a child’s homework becomes a parents homework and even I’m regularly guilty of pulling my calculator out to double check my child’s work. But Cooper’s study isn’t black and white: There were modest gains for middle and high school students, so it looks like the developmental window of early childhood is the place where homework isn’t necessarily beneficial.
2006年有一项关于小学生作业的研究,研究指出早期教育作业的意义不大,跟中学生不一样,小学生们并不能通过作业多学到什么知识,只能让他们更忙碌,让父母的负担加重。
(2)不利于小学生身体发育
不但如此,据美国时代杂志报道,延长学习时间并不利于孩子们的大脑发育。
Brain scientists know that rest and exercise are essential to good health and real learning. Even top adult professionals in specialized fields take care to limit their work to concentrated periods of focus. A landmark study of how humans develop expertise found that elite musicians, scientists and athletes do their most productive work only about four hours per day.(Time Magazine April 14 2017)
休息和运动更适合大脑发育,甚至专业人员的注意力集中时间也是有限的,最高效的时间一般为一天4小时。
(3)不能培养小学生时间管理的能力或学习能力
Time management and organizational skills: Kohn points out that rather than teaching time management to students, homework actually requires parents to do more to organize children's time.
Newly learned skills: Kohn argues that it is rare that all students need the same practice at the end of a lesson. For some, additional practice may be confusing, while for others, it may be unnecessary. (From book “The Homework Myth” by Alfie Kohn)
出版《作业之谜》的美国作家Alfie Kohn指出,做作业并不能让孩子们学会时间管理,反倒让父母们安排了孩子们的时间。
而且不是所有的学生都需要通过作业来强化学习,对于某些孩子来说,过多的练习会让学生糊涂,还有的孩子则根本没有必要做作业。
2.不做作业做什么?
(1)发展兴趣
The subtext of a “no homework” policy in elementary schools is saying: We trust our teachers, we trust the curriculum, and we trust our students to pay attention as well as learn during the day. No homework for kindergarten through fifth grade doesn’t erase learning, but helps students tolerate an often long day better and encourages them to pursue their unique interests after-school from reading and writing to taking photographs. Abbey, age nine, is one of my child client’s without homework and she’s created a website to share her “nature photos through her eyes.”(Phychology today)
据《今日心理学》报道,佛罗里达州一所“免作业”小学对自己的教学很自信,他们不给孩子们留作业,并不是要减轻学习负担,而是鼓励他们从阅读写作的角度追求自己独特的兴趣,拍摄照片。
比如说Abbey,9岁,她用不做作业的时间建立了一个网站,分享自己“眼中的自然照片”。
(2)与家人沟通,并且休息好
Studies clearly show that young students gain from reading nightly, being read to and picking books of interest to them. Mark Trifilio, principal of the Orchard School in VT, eliminated HW last year and suggested replacing it with nightly reading, playing outdoors or even eating with your family. He reports students haven’t fallen behind, but now they have “time to be creative thinkers at home and follow their passions” (The Washington Post, Feb 26, 2017).
据华盛顿邮报报道:Orchard School in VT去年开始不留作业后,取而代之的是每晚阅读,室外活动,与家人有很多积极的交流,并且按时睡好觉。
孩子的成绩不仅没有落后,而且他们更有创造性,更能找到自己的兴趣。
(3)以阅读为乐
Helen Pearson——世界著名科学杂志《自然》“Nature”主编——在TED演讲的题目叫:《最长的人类发展研究的教训》“Lessons from the longest study on human development”。而她的书名则是《人生项目:7万个普通人的不平凡的故事》 “The Life Project: The Extradinary Story of 70,000 Ordinary Lives”
scientists looked at children who were reading for pleasure. That means that they picked up a magazine, a picture book, a story book. The data showed that children who were reading for pleasure at the ages of five and 10 were more likely to go on in school better, on average, on school tests later in their lives. And not just tests of reading, but tests of spelling and maths as well. This study tried to control for all the confounding factors, so it looked at children who were equally intelligent and from the same social-class background, so it seemed as if it was the reading which really helped those children go on and score better on those school tests later in their lives.
科学数据显示,五岁至十岁的孩子把读书当成乐趣,更有可能更好地在学校上学,平均而言,在他们以后的考试中成绩也会更高,而且是各门成绩。这项研究试图控制所有的混杂因素,所以好像是同样聪明和同样的社会阶层背景的孩子,阅读对于他们的成绩更重要。
行文至此,不难看出“今天作业写完了吗?”真得没有想象中那么重要。
那么当家长的应该怎么办?
作为三个孩子的母亲,Helen Pearson在演讲结尾的时候说:
“l,Of course, I make sure they always have a book to read. I tell them I'm ambitious for their future, and I think they can be happy and do great things. I don't know that any of that will make a difference, but I'm pretty confident it won't do them any harm, and it might even do them some good.”
“当然,我会确定他们总是有本书读,我会告诉他们,我对他们的明天充满信心,我认为他们会幸福会做伟大的事情。我并不确定,我这样做能起到什么作用,但是至少我敢肯定不会有什么坏处,还可能有好处。”
“Ultimately, if we want happy children, all we can do is listen to the science, and of course, listen to our children themselves.”
“最终,如果我们想要孩子幸福,我们能够做的就是相信科学,当然,倾听我们的孩子。”
所以,
不要让我们的“爱”变了味道,也不要让作业影响了他们的幸福。