04定语和定语从句

1.什么是定语

只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语的成分

2.定语的成分

• 形容词作定语
  • The innocent nightingale died.
  • The nightingale innocent and brave died.
• 名词（短语）作定语
  • The n's singing can make the rose bloom.
  • The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.
• 介词短语作定语
  • The n (out of the window) heard the sighs (of the youngster).
• 非谓语动词作定语
  • The singing n lost his life.
• 从句作定语
  • l

3.定语的位置

前小后大：当一个单词修饰名词的时候通常放在名词前，当多个单词修饰名词的时候通常放在名词后。

练习：

• 这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。
  • This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose.
• 那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。
  • The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince.
• 被拒绝的男生看起来很可伶。
  • The rejected boy looks pitiful.
  • The boy rejected looks pitiful.(当过去分词修饰名词的时候，即使只有一个单词也放在名词后)
• I have something important to tell you.(当形容词修饰不定代词的时候，即使只有一个名词也放在名词后)
• I have important something to tell you.

4.定语从句

• 定语从句的构成：n + 引导词（关系代词） +句子

• 定语从句的引导词：按照先行词的种类进行分类，一共把引导词分成5类

• 当先行词是人的时候，引导词有：who whom whose

• 当先行词是物的时候，引导词有：that which whose

• 当先行词是时间的时候，引导词有：that which when

• 当先行词是地点的时候，引导词有：that which where

• 当先行词是原因的时候，引导词有：that which why

• 谁决定引导词的用法:

  ①看先行词②引导词在从句中充当的成分 共同决定了定语从句引导词的用法。

  • I will never forget the day __ I met you.
    • when
  • I will never forget the day __ we spent.
    • that
  • You had better have some reason __you are late.
    • why
  • You had better have some reason__sounds perfect.
    • that

• 定语从句引导词的分类新标准

  • 引导词可以按照引导词本身的词性分类
    • 代词(在从句中一定要充当主语或宾语的成分)：who whom that which
    • 副词(在从句中不能充当任何主干成分)：where when why
    • 形容词(在从句中修饰离他最近的名词)：whose
  • 引导词先时间，从句不缺成分：when
  • 引导词原因，从句不缺成分：why
  • 引导词先地点，从句不缺成分：where
  • 引导词先人或物，从句不缺成分：whose

练习：

• 夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了
  • The rose that the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.
• 这些圆顶的建筑物看起来很漂亮。
  • Buildings whose roofs are round look beautiful.
• 成功属于有梦想的人已经被无数事实所证明。
  • It has been validated by numerous facts that glories belong to those who with dreams.
• 穿自己的鞋不仅方便，不用去管别人的感受。
  • Wearing my our shoes not only proves convenient, but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.
• 问题的关键是谁应该为道德的沦丧负责。
  • The point of the issue seems who should be responsible for the decline of ethics.
• 外表看起来很邋遢的他，其实内心很高尚。
  • He whose appearance looks indecent proves noble in his mind.
• 那些全力以赴去实现梦想的人，即使没有成功也不会感到遗憾这是很重要的。
  • It seems indispensable that those who spare no efforts never feel pitiful,although they fail to achieve glories.
• 上课不集中精力而又希望通过考试的同学往往会发现结果往往差强人意。
  • Students who fail to concentrate in class but wish to pass examinations smoothly tend to find that consequence proves less impressive.

5.定语从句的特殊用法

1. that在引导定语从句的时候，如果that在从句中充当宾语，that可以省略

   • I enjoy the book my mother bought for me.
   • 在分析长难句的时候，如果见到有两个名词或代词直接放在一起，中间没有被连词或标点符号隔开，通常都是省略了that的定语从句

2. 区别限制和非限制定语从句

   • I love liu, who is beautiful.（非限制定语从句）
   • I love liu who is beautiful.
   • 在分析长难句的时候，非限制性定语相当于插入语可以完全不看。

3. 如果先行词和引导词之间介词，人不用who只用whom，物不用that只用which

   • He is the man __we should learn from.

     • who

   • He is the man from__we should learn.

     • whom

   • I wil never forget the day __ I met you.

     • when

   • I wil never forget the day on __ I met you.

     • which

4. 区别the same...as; the same... that 引导的定语从句

   • 看例句：
     • He is the same man as I love.
     • He is the same man that I love.
     • as翻译成像，that翻译成是

5. as 和which引导的非限制性定语从句

   • which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面整个句子，as也可以。但是which只能只能放到主句的后面，而as可前可后。

   • He enjoy talking with young ladies, which drives me mad.

6. 定语从句中引导词which和that的区别

6.区别定语从句和同位语从句

• I have a dream that sounds funny.(定语从句）
• I have a dream that I will become a rich lady.（同位语从句）
• 相同点：
  • 都是先行词+引导词+句子
• 不同点：
  • 看从句本身的意思，定语从句是对前面名词的修饰，同位语从句是对前面名词意思的解释
  • 看引导词that在从句中是否充当了成分，如果充当了成分就是定语从句，如果没有充当成分就是同位语从句
  • 定语从句的先行词可以是所有名词，而同位语从句的先行词只能是抽象名词
  • 定语从句的引导词总共有8个，而同位语从句的引导词一般是whether

7.定语从句的至难点

• 寻找先行词：必须要读懂这句话，不然谁也找不到
• 如何寻找先行词？
  • 定语从句的先行词就是离它最近的名词
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的几个名词
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个从句
  • 定语从句的先行词是它前面的一个句子
  • 定语从句的先行词和引导词被隔开了

8.定语从句的考点分析

1.写作

• 只要在作文中见到名词都可以有意识的给它加一个定语的成分，把句子拉长。
  • Pets which look cute as well as healthy can reduce loneliness of senior citizens without any children who can take care of them.
  • Reading books which keep beneficial to physical and mental health can add knowledge of all children and adults.
  • 万能定语：
    • which look as well as/ who look as well as
    • 名词复数+such as+例子
• 英汉差异对比
  • 汉语讲究意合，英语讲究形合
    • 句子结构上：主谓宾结构
    • 逻辑关系词的使用上
  • 汉语多主动，英语多被动
    • In the past decades, A variety of actions were adopted by the authorities to prevent disasters.
  • 汉语多短句，英语多长句
    • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine.
    • It locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 把短句变成长句的第一个方法是非谓语动词
      • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine， locating near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 加连词
      • WuZhen is a water town in ZJ provine，and locates near the river from BJ to HZ.
    • 从句
      • WuZhen which locates near the river from BJ to HZ is a water town in ZJ provine.
      • Doors will be decorated by couplets whose topics are involved in health, wealth and good luck.

2.长难句分析

能够找到一句话中的定语成分，并且把它们通顺地翻译出来。

如何找到定语呢？

找定语的关键是找名词 ，只要名词后有一坨东西，只要这一坨东西不是动词，就暂定为修饰这个名词的定语成分。

• 定语从名词后开始，到主句的谓语动词之前结束。

  • Creating a "European identity" (that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent )is no easy task and demands a strategic choice.

• 如果定语在主句的谓语动词之后的话，定语就从名词后开始通常到 句末结束。

• In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups (which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another).

• 一个大定语中通常都有无数个小定语 ,每一个小定语都到下一个名词后结束。

  • Some of these causes are completely reasonable results (of social needs). Others are reasonable consequence (of particular advances)( in science)(being to some extent self-accelerating).