• 字符串方法
• 正则表达式
• 模式匹配和提取
• 搜索和替换
• 编译正则表达式
• 正则表达式进一步阅读

字符串方法

• 转换字符
  • str.maketrans()获取转换表
  • translate()基于转换表执行字符串映射
• maketrans()第一个参数是被取代的字符，第二个参数是取代的字符，第三个是被映射为None的字符
• 字符转换例子

>>> greeting = '===== Have a great day ====='
>>> greeting.translate(str.maketrans('=', '-'))
'----- Have a great day -----'

>>> greeting = '===== Have a great day!! ====='
>>> greeting.translate(str.maketrans('=', '-', '!'))
'----- Have a great day -----'

>>> import string
>>> quote = 'SIMPLICITY IS THE ULTIMATE SOPHISTICATION'
>>> tr_table = str.maketrans(string.ascii_uppercase, string.ascii_lowercase)
>>> quote.translate(tr_table)
'simplicity is the ultimate sophistication'

>>> sentence = "Thi1s is34 a senten6ce"
>>> sentence.translate(str.maketrans('', '', string.digits))
'This is a sentence'
>>> greeting.translate(str.maketrans('', '', string.punctuation))
' Have a great day '

• 移除首/尾/两者的字符串
• 仅移除首/尾连续的字符
• 默认空格会被除去
• 如果指定了多个字符，它会被视为集合，并使用其中所有的组合

>>> greeting = '      Have a nice day :)     '
>>> greeting.strip()
'Have a nice day :)'
>>> greeting.rstrip()
'      Have a nice day :)'
>>> greeting.lstrip()
'Have a nice day :)     '

>>> greeting.strip(') :')
'Have a nice day'

>>> greeting = '===== Have a great day!! ====='
>>> greeting.strip('=')
' Have a great day!! '

• 风格化
• width参数指定了总的输出字符串长度

>>> ' Hello World '.center(40, '*')
'************* Hello World **************'

• 改变大小写和大小写检查

>>> sentence = 'thIs iS a saMple StrIng'

>>> sentence.capitalize()
'This is a sample string'

>>> sentence.title()
'This Is A Sample String'

>>> sentence.lower()
'this is a sample string'

>>> sentence.upper()
'THIS IS A SAMPLE STRING'

>>> sentence.swapcase()
'THiS Is A SAmPLE sTRiNG'

>>> 'good'.islower()
True

>>> 'good'.isupper()
False

• 检查是否字符串由数值构成

>>> '1'.isnumeric()
True
>>> 'abc1'.isnumeric()
False
>>> '1.2'.isnumeric()
False

• 检查是否字符串序列是否存在

>>> sentence = 'This is a sample string'
>>> 'is' in sentence
True
>>> 'this' in sentence
False
>>> 'This' in sentence
True
>>> 'this' in sentence.lower()
True
>>> 'is a' in sentence
True
>>> 'test' not in sentence
True

• 获取字符序列存在的次数（非覆盖）

>>> sentence = 'This is a sample string'
>>> sentence.count('is')
2
>>> sentence.count('w')
0

>>> word = 'phototonic'
>>> word.count('oto')
1

• 匹配头尾字符序列

>>> sentence
'This is a sample string'

>>> sentence.startswith('This')
True
>>> sentence.startswith('The')
False

>>> sentence.endswith('ing')
True
>>> sentence.endswith('ly')
False

• 基于字符序列分割字符串
• 返回列表
• 要使用正则表达式分割，使用re.split()

>>> sentence = 'This is a sample string'

>>> sentence.split()
['This', 'is', 'a', 'sample', 'string']

>>> "oranges:5".split(':')
['oranges', '5']
>>> "oranges :: 5".split(' :: ')
['oranges', '5']

>>> "a e i o u".split(' ', maxsplit=1)
['a', 'e i o u']
>>> "a e i o u".split(' ', maxsplit=2)
['a', 'e', 'i o u']

>>> line = '{1.0 2.0 3.0}'
>>> nums = [float(s) for s in line.strip('{}').split()]
>>> nums
[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]

• 连接字符串列表

>>> str_list
['This', 'is', 'a', 'sample', 'string']
>>> ' '.join(str_list)
'This is a sample string'
>>> '-'.join(str_list)
'This-is-a-sample-string'

>>> c = ' :: '
>>> c.join(str_list)
'This :: is :: a :: sample :: string'

• 替换字符
• 第三个参数指定使用多少次的替换
• 变量必须显式地重赋值

>>> phrase = '2 be or not 2 be'
>>> phrase.replace('2', 'to')
'to be or not to be'

>>> phrase
'2 be or not 2 be'

>>> phrase.replace('2', 'to', 1)
'to be or not 2 be'

>>> phrase = phrase.replace('2', 'to')
>>> phrase
'to be or not to be'

进一步阅读

• Python文档 - 字符串方法
• python字符串方法教程

正则表达式

• 正则表达式元素便利参考

• Python文档 - 标记 - 详情和标记长名

模式匹配和提取

• 匹配/提取字符序列
• 使用re.search()查看是否一个字符串包含某个模式
• 使用re.findall()获得一个匹配模式列表
• 使用re.split()获得一个基于模式分割字符串的列表
• 它们的语法如下

re.search(pattern, string, flags=0)
re.findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
re.split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)

>>> import re
>>> string = "This is a sample string"

>>> bool(re.search('is', string))
True

>>> bool(re.search('this', string))
False

>>> bool(re.search('this', string, re.I))
True

>>> bool(re.search('T', string))
True

>>> bool(re.search('is a', string))
True

>>> re.findall('i', string)
['i', 'i', 'i']

• 使用正则表达式
• 当使用正则表达式元素时用r''格式

>>> string
'This is a sample string'

>>> re.findall('is', string)
['is', 'is']

>>> re.findall('\bis', string)
[]

>>> re.findall(r'\bis', string)
['is']

>>> re.findall(r'\w+', string)
['This', 'is', 'a', 'sample', 'string']

>>> re.split(r'\s+', string)
['This', 'is', 'a', 'sample', 'string']

>>> re.split(r'\d+', 'Sample123string54with908numbers')
['Sample', 'string', 'with', 'numbers']

>>> re.split(r'(\d+)', 'Sample123string54with908numbers')
['Sample', '123', 'string', '54', 'with', '908', 'numbers']

• 引用

>>> quote = "So many books, so little time"

>>> re.search(r'([a-z]{2,}).*\1', quote, re.I)
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(0, 17), match='So many books, so'>

>>> re.search(r'([a-z])\1', quote, re.I)
<_sre.SRE_Match object; span=(9, 11), match='oo'>

>>> re.findall(r'([a-z])\1', quote, re.I)
['o', 't']

搜索和替换

语法

re.sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)

• 简单替换
• re.sub不会改变传入变量的值，必须显式地指定

>>> sentence = 'This is a sample string'
>>> re.sub('sample', 'test', sentence)
'This is a test string'

>>> sentence
'This is a sample string'
>>> sentence = re.sub('sample', 'test', sentence)
>>> sentence
'This is a test string'

>>> re.sub('/', '-', '25/06/2016')
'25-06-2016'
>>> re.sub('/', '-', '25/06/2016', count=1)
'25-06/2016'

>>> greeting = '***** Have a great day *****'
>>> re.sub('\*', '=', greeting)
'===== Have a great day ====='

• 引用

>>> words = 'night and day'
>>> re.sub(r'(\w+)( \w+ )(\w+)', r'\3\2\1', words)
'day and night'

>>> line = 'Can you spot the the mistakes? I i seem to not'
>>> re.sub(r'\b(\w+) \1\b', r'\1', line, flags=re.I)
'Can you spot the mistakes? I seem to not'

• 在re.sub()替换部分使用函数

>>> import math
>>> numbers = '1 2 3 4 5'

>>> def fact_num(n):
...     return str(math.factorial(int(n.group(1))))
...
>>> re.sub(r'(\d+)', fact_num, numbers)
'1 2 6 24 120'

>>> re.sub(r'(\d+)', lambda m: str(math.factorial(int(m.group(1)))), numbers)
'1 2 6 24 120'

• 从re.sub调用函数
• 用函数输出替换字符串模式
• lambda教程

编译正则表达式

>>> swap_words = re.compile(r'(\w+)( \w+ )(\w+)')
>>> swap_words
re.compile('(\\w+)( \\w+ )(\\w+)')

>>> words = 'night and day'

>>> swap_words.search(words).group()
'night and day'
>>> swap_words.search(words).group(1)
'night'
>>> swap_words.search(words).group(2)
' and '
>>> swap_words.search(words).group(3)
'day'
>>> swap_words.search(words).group(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: no such group

>>> bool(swap_words.search(words))
True
>>> swap_words.findall(words)
[('night', ' and ', 'day')]

>>> swap_words.sub(r'\3\2\1', words)
'day and night'
>>> swap_words.sub(r'\3\2\1', 'yin and yang')
'yang and yin'

正则表达式进一步阅读

• Python文档 - re模块
• Python文档 - 正则表达式使用介绍
• developers.google - 正则表达式教程
• automatetheboringstuff - 正则表达式
• 综合参考：regex是什么？
• 练习工具
  • online regex tester 展示解释，提供参考指南和保存、分享regex
  • regexone - 交互式教程
  • cheatsheet - 交互式学习
  • regexcrossword - 通过解答纵横游戏练习，开始之前阅读'How to play'部分