MySQL 基础篇-1

DDL语句

创建数据库

CREATE DATABASE dbname;

查看数据库

mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| database_backup    |
| database_test      |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

删除数据库

DROP DATABASE dbname;

打开数据库

USE dbname;

查看数据库中的数据表

SHOW TABLES;

创建数据表

创建

mysql> CREATE TABLE emp(
    -> ename varchar(10),
    -> hiredata date,
    -> sal decimal(10,2),
-> detno int(2));

查看表的定义

mysql> DESC emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(10)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

查看表结构

mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(10)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

查看完整表结构

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE emp;
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table                                                                                                                                                                                    |
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| emp   | CREATE TABLE `emp` (
  `ename` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
  `hiredata` date DEFAULT NULL,
  `sal` decimal(10,2) DEFAULT NULL,
  `detno` int(2) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

删除表

DROP TABLE tablename;

修改表

修改表类型

ALTER TABLE tablename MODIFY[COLUMN] column_definition[FIRST AFTER col_name]
mysql> desc emp ;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(10)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY ename VARCHAR(20);
mysql> DESC emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

增加字段

ALTER TABLE tablename ADD [COLUMN] column_definiton [FIRST|AFTER col_name]

mysql> ALTER TABLE emp ADD age INT(3);
mysql> DESC emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age      | int(3)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

删除字段

ALTER TABLE tablename DROP [COLUMN] col_name;

mysql> ALTER TABLE emp DROP age;

字段改名

ALTER TABLE tablename CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name column_definition [FIRST|AFTER col_name]

mysql> ALTER TABLE emp CHANGE age age_new int(5);

修改字段排列顺序

ALTER TABLE emp ADD birthdate DATE AFTER ename;  ------------ 新增字段在指定位置
mysql> ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY age_new int(3) FIRST; ---------- 将age_new 放在最前面

更改表名

ALTER TABLE tablename RENAME [TO] new_tablename;

mysql> ALTER TABLE emp RENAME emp_new;

DML语句

增(insert)
删(delete)
改(update)
查(select)

插入记录

INSERT INTO tablename(field1,field2,...,fieldn) VALUES(value1,value2,...,valuen)

INSERT INTO emp(ename,hiredata,sal,detno) VALUES("lesa","2003-1-5","3000",2);

插入多条记录

INSERT INTO tablename(field1,field2,...,fieldn)
VALUES
(value1,value2,...,valuen),
(value1,value2,...,valuen),
(value1,value2,...,valuen);

更新记录

UPDATE tablename SET field1=value1, field2=value2,..., fieldn=valuen [WHERE CONDITION]

mysql> UPDATE emp SET hiredata="2001-1-1" WHERE ename="zzx1";
mysql> SELECT * FROM emp;
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| ename | hiredata   | sal     | detno |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| zzx1  | 2001-01-01 | 2000.00 |     1 |
| lesa  | 2003-01-05 | 3000.00 |     2 |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+

同时更新多个表的数据

UPDATE t1,t2,...,tn SET t1.field1=expr1,..., tn.filedn=exprn [WHERE CONDITION];

删除记录

DELETE FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]
DELETE t1,t2,...,tn FROM t1,t2,...,tn [WHERE CONDITION]

查询记录

SELECT * FROM tablename [WHERE CONDITION]

查询不重复的记录 ---关键词:DISTINCT

mysql> SELECT * FROM emp;
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| ename | hiredata   | sal     | detno |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| zzx1  | 2001-01-01 | 2000.00 |     1 |
| lesa  | 2003-01-05 | 3000.00 |     2 |
| akon  | 2016-05-03 | 3000.00 |     1 |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
mysql> SELECT DISTINCT detno FROM emp;
+-------+
| detno |
+-------+
|     1 |
|     2 |
+-------+

条件查询---- WHERE

SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno=1;
条件:
比较运算符:= >  <  <=  >=  !=      
逻辑运算符:OR  AND 

排序和限制 ----- ORDER BY LINMIT

SELECT * FROM tablename
[WHERE CONDITION]
[ORDER BY 
    field1 [DESC/ASC], 
    field2 [DESC/ASC],
    ..., 
    fieldn [DESC/ASC]
];

升序或者降序

mysql> SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY sal DESC;
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| ename | hiredata   | sal     | detno |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| sam   | 2015-02-06 | 4500.00 |     3 |
| lesa  | 2003-01-05 | 3000.00 |     2 |
| akon  | 2016-05-03 | 3000.00 |     1 |
| zzx1  | 2001-01-01 | 2000.00 |     1 |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
mysql> SELECT * FROM emp ORDER BY sal ASC;
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| ename | hiredata   | sal     | detno |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
| zzx1  | 2001-01-01 | 2000.00 |     1 |
| lesa  | 2003-01-05 | 3000.00 |     2 |
| akon  | 2016-05-03 | 3000.00 |     1 |
| sam   | 2015-02-06 | 4500.00 |     3 |
+-------+------------+---------+-------+
SELECT ... FROM tablename 
[LIMIT offset_start,row_count]

聚合

SELECT [field1,field2,...,fieldn] fun_name
FROM tablename
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY field1,field2,...,fieldn
[WITH ROLLUP]]
[HAVING where_condition]
参数说明.png

套路

SELECT ... FROM ...  
WHERE...  
GUROP BY...   
HAVING...  
ORDER BY...  
LIMIT...

表连接

内连接--INNER JOIN ... ON ...

mysql> SELECT ename,deptname FROM emp INNER JOIN dept ON emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+----------+
| ename | deptname |
+-------+----------+
| zzx1  | tech     |
| lesa  | sale     |
| akon  | tech     |
| sam   | hr       |
+-------+----------+

mysql> SELECT ename,deptname FROM emp ,dept WHERE emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+----------+
| ename | deptname |
+-------+----------+
| zzx1  | tech     |
| lesa  | sale     |
| akon  | tech     |
| sam   | hr       |
+-------+----------+

外连接(左连接、右连接)

定义说明.png
mysql> SELECT ename,deptname FROM emp LEFT JOIN dept ON emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+----------+
| ename | deptname |
+-------+----------+
| zzx1  | tech     |
| akon  | tech     |
| lesa  | sale     |
| sam   | hr       |
| tony  | NULL     |
+-------+----------+
mysql> SELECT ename,deptname FROM emp RIGHT JOIN dept ON emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+-------+----------+
| ename | deptname |
+-------+----------+
| zzx1  | tech     |
| lesa  | sale     |
| akon  | tech     |
| sam   | hr       |
+-------+----------+

子查询

用于子查询的关键字:in、not in、=、!= 、exists、not exists

mysql> SELECT * FROM emp WHERE deptno IN (SELECT deptno FROM dept);
+-------+------------+---------+--------+
| ename | hiredata   | sal     | deptno |
+-------+------------+---------+--------+
| zzx1  | 2001-01-01 | 2000.00 |      1 |
| lesa  | 2003-01-05 | 3000.00 |      2 |
| akon  | 2016-05-03 | 3000.00 |      1 |
| sam   | 2015-02-06 | 4500.00 |      3 |
+-------+------------+---------+--------+

联合查询

SELECT * FROM t1
UNION | UNION ALL 
SELECT * FROM t2
......
UNION | UNION ALL 
SELECT * FROM tN

UNION 是将 UNION ALL 后的结果进行一次 DISTINCT


DCL 语句

DBA用来管理西永的对象权限时使用

数据表示例:

mysql> desc emp;
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field    | Type          | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ename    | varchar(20)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| hiredata | date          | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| sal      | decimal(10,2) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| detno    | int(2)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| age_new  | int(5)        | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+----------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> SELECT * FROM dept;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | deptname |
+--------+----------+
|      1 | tech     |
|      2 | sale     |
|      3 | hr       |
+--------+----------+
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