写在前面
在线演示:http://wonghan.cn/Diff-demo/
Github链接:https://github.com/wonghan/Diff-demo
一、什么是Virtual DOM
1.DOM是树型结构,一般需要修改某个DOM节点时,先使用innerHTML=null
清空DOM树,再重新插入新的DOM树,过于浪费(若只需修改一个li,却需要删掉100个li后重新插入99个li)
2.JS可以用JS对象结构表示DOM树型结构,这就是虚拟DOM
3.每次文档状态变化,会新建一颗虚拟DOM树,并将新树与旧树进行对比,记录两棵树的差异
4.将对比后的差异修改到真实的DOM树上
二、为什么使用Virtual DOM
1. DOM十分复杂,DOM操作十分昂贵,应尽量减少DOM操作。例如以下例子可以看出DOM节点的复杂:
var div = document.createElement('div');
var result = '';
for(let item in div){
result += ' | ' + item;
}
console.log(result);
// | align | title | lang | translate | dir | dataset | hidden | tabIndex | accessKey | draggable | spellcheck | autocapitalize | contentEditable | isContentEditable | inputMode | offsetParent | offsetTop | offsetLeft | offsetWidth | offsetHeight | style | innerText | outerText | onabort | onblur | oncancel | oncanplay | oncanplaythrough | onchange | onclick | onclose | oncontextmenu | oncuechange | ondblclick | ondrag | ondragend | ondragenter | ondragleave | ondragover | ondragstart | ondrop | ondurationchange | onemptied | onended | onerror | onfocus | oninput | oninvalid | onkeydown | onkeypress | onkeyup | onload | onloadeddata | onloadedmetadata | onloadstart | onmousedown | onmouseenter | onmouseleave | onmousemove | onmouseout | onmouseover | onmouseup | onmousewheel | onpause | onplay | onplaying | onprogress | onratechange | onreset | onresize | onscroll | onseeked | onseeking | onselect | onstalled | onsubmit | onsuspend | ontimeupdate | ontoggle | onvolumechange | onwaiting | onwheel | onauxclick | ongotpointercapture | onlostpointercapture | onpointerdown | onpointermove | onpointerup | onpointercancel | onpointerover | onpointerout | onpointerenter | onpointerleave | nonce | click | focus | blur | namespaceURI | prefix | localName | tagName | id | className | classList | slot | attributes | shadowRoot | assignedSlot | innerHTML | outerHTML | scrollTop | scrollLeft | scrollWidth | scrollHeight | clientTop | clientLeft | clientWidth | clientHeight | onbeforecopy | onbeforecut | onbeforepaste | oncopy | oncut | onpaste | onsearch | onselectstart | previousElementSibling | nextElementSibling | children | firstElementChild | lastElementChild | childElementCount | onwebkitfullscreenchange | onwebkitfullscreenerror | setPointerCapture | releasePointerCapture | hasPointerCapture | hasAttributes | getAttributeNames | getAttribute | getAttributeNS | setAttribute | setAttributeNS | removeAttribute | removeAttributeNS | hasAttribute | hasAttributeNS | getAttributeNode | getAttributeNodeNS | setAttributeNode | setAttributeNodeNS | removeAttributeNode | closest | matches | webkitMatchesSelector | attachShadow | getElementsByTagName | getElementsByTagNameNS | getElementsByClassName | insertAdjacentElement | insertAdjacentText | insertAdjacentHTML | requestPointerLock | getClientRects | getBoundingClientRect | scrollIntoView | scrollIntoViewIfNeeded | animate | before | after | replaceWith | remove | prepend | append | querySelector | querySelectorAll | webkitRequestFullScreen | webkitRequestFullscreen | attributeStyleMap | scroll | scrollTo | scrollBy | createShadowRoot | getDestinationInsertionPoints | computedStyleMap | ELEMENT_NODE | ATTRIBUTE_NODE | TEXT_NODE | CDATA_SECTION_NODE | ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE | ENTITY_NODE | PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE | COMMENT_NODE | DOCUMENT_NODE | DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE | DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE | NOTATION_NODE | DOCUMENT_POSITION_DISCONNECTED | DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING | DOCUMENT_POSITION_FOLLOWING | DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINS | DOCUMENT_POSITION_CONTAINED_BY | DOCUMENT_POSITION_IMPLEMENTATION_SPECIFIC | nodeType | nodeName | baseURI | isConnected | ownerDocument | parentNode | parentElement | childNodes | firstChild | lastChild | previousSibling | nextSibling | nodeValue | textContent | hasChildNodes | getRootNode | normalize | cloneNode | isEqualNode | isSameNode | compareDocumentPosition | contains | lookupPrefix | lookupNamespaceURI | isDefaultNamespace | insertBefore | appendChild | replaceChild | removeChild | addEventListener | removeEventListener | dispatchEvent
2. JS运行效率高,可以通过JS模拟DOM结构,找出本地DOM必须更新的节点来更新,其他的不更新,以此减少DOM操作。例如,虚拟DOM如下:
<!--真实DOM-->
<ul id="list">
<li class="item">Item 1</li>
<li class="item">Item 2</li>
</ul>
// 虚拟DOM
{
tag: 'ul',
attrs: {
id: 'list'
},
text: '',
children: [
{
tag: 'li',
attrs: {className: 'item'},
children: [],
text: 'Item 1'
},
{
tag: 'li',
attrs: {className: 'item'},
children: [],
text: 'Item 2'
}
]
}
三、Virtual DOM如何应用,核心API是什么
- 参考代码库:
- snabbdom 库:https://github.com/snabbdom/snabbdom
-
核心API:
h():生成虚拟DOM
patch():对比前后DOM差异进行渲染(分为第一次插入空容器的操作
与之后进行前后vnode对比后进行更新的操作
)
四、Diff算法(伪代码,可执行的代码在第五点)
- 使用h()方法生成vnode
- 获取container容器,将vnode转化成真实dom节点,通过patch()方法进行插入到容器中
- 生成新的vnode2,调用patch()方法递归对比前后虚拟DOM差异后,更新对应的真实DOM节点
// vnode生成函数
function h(tag='',attrs={},children=[],text=''){
return {
tag: tag,
attrs: attrs,
children: children,
text: text
}
}
// 插入 || diff DOM函数
function patch(vnode, newVnode){
if(vnode instanceof HTMLElement){ // 若第一个参数是DOM节点,插入到容器里
let node = createElement(newVnode);
vnode.appendChild(node);
}else{ // 两个都为vnode,执行diff算法
updateChildren(vnode, newVnode); // diff
}
}
// 由 虚拟DOM 生成 真实DOM 的函数
function createElement(vnode) {
var tag = vnode.tag // 'ul'
var attrs = vnode.attrs || {}
var children = vnode.children || []
if (!tag) {
return null
}
// 创建真实的 DOM 元素
var elem = document.createElement(tag)
if(text){
elem.innerText = text;
}
// 属性
for (let attrName in attrs) {
if (attrs.hasOwnProperty(attrName)) {
// 给 elem 添加属性
elem.setAttribute(attrName, attrs[attrName])
}
}
// 子元素
children.forEach(function (childVnode) {
// 给 elem 添加子元素
elem.appendChild(createElement(childVnode)) // 递归
})
// 绑定真实DOM节点到vnode上
vnode.elem = elem
// 返回真实的 DOM 元素
return elem
}
// diff算法对比前后差异
function updateChildren(vnode, newVnode) {
var children = vnode.children || []
var newChildren = newVnode.children || []
children.forEach(function (childVnode, index) {
var newChildVnode = newChildren[index]
if (childVnode.tag === newChildVnode.tag) {
// 深层次对比,递归
updateChildren(childVnode, newChildVnode)
} else {
// 替换
replaceNode(childVnode, newChildVnode)
}
})
}
// 替换真实DOM节点
function replaceNode(vnode, newVnode) {
var elem = vnode.elem // 真实的 DOM 节点
var newElem = createElement(newVnode)
// 替换
elem.parentNode.replaceChild(newElem,elem);
}
五、Diff算法简单实现(github代码,可执行)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>diff-demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="container">
</div>
<button id="btn">
change
</button>
<button id="btn2">
change2
</button>
</body>
<script src="./index.js"></script>
<script>
// 第一次插入
let container = document.getElementById('container');
let vnode1 = h('ul',{id: 'list'},[
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 1'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 2'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 3')
])
patch(container,vnode1);
console.log(vnode1)
// 修改vnode,查看diff效果
let btn = document.getElementById('btn');
btn.addEventListener('click',function(e){
let vnode2 = h('ul',{id:'list'},[
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item B'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 2'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 3'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 3'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 3')
])
patch(vnode1,vnode2);
console.log(vnode1)
})
// 修改vnode,查看diff效果
let btn2 = document.getElementById('btn2');
btn2.addEventListener('click',function(e){
let vnode2 = h('ul',{id:'list'},[
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 1'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 2'),
h('li',{class: 'item'},[],'Item 3')
])
patch(vnode1,vnode2);
console.log(vnode1)
})
</script>
</html>
/**
* 插入 || diff DOM函数
* @param {HTMLElement || Object} vnode container容器 || vnode节点
* @param {object} newVnode newVnode节点
*/
function patch(vnode, newVnode){
if(vnode instanceof HTMLElement){ // 若第一个参数是DOM节点,插入到容器里
let node = createElement(newVnode);
vnode.appendChild(node);
}else{ // 两个都为vnode,执行diff算法
createElement(newVnode); // 绑定DOM节点到newVnode上
updateChildren(vnode, newVnode); // diff
}
}
/**
* vnode生成函数
* @param {String} tag 标签名
* @param {object} attrs 属性
* @param {Array} children 子节点
* @param {String} text 文本节点
*/
function h(tag='',attrs={},children=[],text=''){
return {
tag: tag,
attrs: attrs,
children: children,
text: text
}
}
/**
* 真实 DOM 生成函数
* @param {Object} vnode vnode节点
*/
function createElement(vnode){
let tag = vnode.tag;
let children = vnode.children || [];
let attrs = vnode.attrs || {};
let text = vnode.text || '';
if(!tag){
return null
}
// 创建真实的 DOM 元素
let elem = document.createElement(tag);
if(text){
elem.innerText = text;
}
// 设置属性
for(let key in attrs){
if(attrs.hasOwnProperty(key)){
elem.setAttribute(key,attrs[key])
}
}
// 添加子元素节点
children.forEach((childVnode)=>{
elem.appendChild(createElement(childVnode))
})
// 真实 DOM 绑定到vnode上
vnode.elem = elem;
// 返回真实的 DOM 元素
return elem
}
/**
* Diff 函数
* @param {Object} vnode vnode节点
* @param {Object} newVnode newVnode节点
*/
function updateChildren(vnode, newVnode){
// 保存父节点,方便之后DOM节点的删除
let currentNode = vnode.elem;
// 对比当前节点是否相同
if(vnode.tag === newVnode.tag && vnode.text === newVnode.text && vnode.attrs.toString() === newVnode.attrs.toString()){
// 若节点相同,深层次对比,递归(根据vnode & newVnode的数量,决定是增加节点还是删除节点)
if(vnode.children.length >= newVnode.children.length){
let childrenArray = vnode.children; // 保存children数组,方便之后修改原vnode
for(let i=vnode.children.length-1;i>=0;i--){
let childVnode = vnode.children[i];
let newChildVnode = newVnode.children[i];
if(newChildVnode && childVnode.tag === newChildVnode.tag){ // 防止newChildVnode===undefined导致报错
updateChildren(childVnode, newChildVnode) // 递归
}else{
replaceNode(childVnode, newChildVnode,currentNode,childrenArray,i)
}
}
}else{
let childrenArray = vnode.children; // 保存children数组,方便之后修改原vnode
for(let i=0;i<newVnode.children.length;i++){
let childVnode = vnode.children[i];
let newChildVnode = newVnode.children[i];
if(childVnode && childVnode.tag === newChildVnode.tag){ // 防止childVnode===undefined导致报错
updateChildren(childVnode, newChildVnode) // 递归
}else{
replaceNode(childVnode, newChildVnode,currentNode,childrenArray)
}
}
}
}else{
replaceNode(vnode, newVnode)
}
}
/**
* 替换真实DOM节点 & 替换虚拟DOM节点
* @param {Object} vnode
* @param {Object} newVnode
* @param {HTMLElement} parentNode
* @param {Array} childrenArray
* @param {Number} index
*/
function replaceNode(vnode, newVnode,parentNode=null,childrenArray=[],index=0){
if(vnode&&newVnode){ // 若两者都是vnode,应替换节点
let elem = vnode.elem;
let newElem = newVnode.elem;
replaceVNode(vnode, newVnode)
elem.parentNode.replaceChild(newElem,elem);
}else if(vnode){ // 若newVnode===undefined,应删除节点
let elem = vnode.elem;
childrenArray.splice(index,1);
elem.parentNode.removeChild(elem)
}else{ // 若vnode===undefined,应添加节点
let newElem = newVnode.elem;
childrenArray.push(newVnode);
parentNode.appendChild(newElem);
}
}
/**
* 替换虚拟DOM节点
* @param {Object} vnode
* @param {Object} newVnode
*/
function replaceVNode(vnode, newVnode){
vnode.tag = newVnode.tag;
vnode.elem = newVnode.elem;
vnode.text = newVnode.text;
vnode.attrs = newVnode.attrs;
vnode.children = newVnode.children;
}