去年12月份的时候定下了今年的阅读计划,首要阅读的目标就是Seth Klarman的Margin of Safety 这本书,读了之后发现这个人写的真的很诚恳。我发现国外的人写的书就是很诚恳和忠厚。简单易懂的把他的想法告诉你,而不像有些人故弄玄虚,用很多专业的词汇来先吓倒你。
Seth Klarman这个人很有名,被称为美国波士顿的“先知”(Oracle of Boston),也是知名的价值投资者。有兴趣的读者可以自己搜索他的wikipedia的页面。而且他也很爱分享自己的投资理念。是一个很值得每一个投资者关注的人。
Seth Klarman这个人写书的原则和李笑来一样,把概念先搞清楚。这篇文章主要也是我的读书笔记(甚至干脆就是自己转述作者的话,因为我觉得原话就已经很简单易懂了。)
书中的第一章是介绍投资者和投机者的区别,我后面也会持续写一些我的读书笔记,喜欢的可以关注一下。
分清投资者和投机者的区别
“Mark Twain said that there are two times in a man’s life when he should not speculate: when he can’t afford it and when he can.”
不管马克吐温是不是一个好的投资者吧,但这句话既然被Seth Klarman引用的话,就说明有意义。而且这句话表达的意思也很简单,那就是
永远不要投机(never speculate!speculate对我来说还有猜测的意思,其实投机不就是在猜股票的价格嘛……)
书中的原话意思就是一个人一生中应该有两次不投机,一个是当他担负不起的时候,一个是担负的起的时候(意思就是再说你永远不要投机)
理解了投资者和投机者的区别是通往成功投资之路的第一步。那么谁是投资者呢?Seth Klarman给出了很清楚的定义。
对于投资者来说,股票相当于你拥有了它背后生意的一部分(跟李笑来的理念一样,你拥有了这只股票就是用有了这个公司的一部分),投资者根据这些公司本质的价格来决定买入还是卖出这只股票。所以投资者会指望在以下三种方式之中获得回报:
- 从这只股票代表的企业获得的现金流,这些现金流迟早会因为分红而让这只股票的价格增值
- 公司的PE值增加(也就是说有更多的投资者愿意花每股更多的钱来购买这只股票)
- 通过缩小每股的价钱和公司的价值(这一点在我来看就是在公司的价格被低估的时候通过买入来缩小,不过我还不是完全搞明白了,请搞明白的同学给留个言)
这里是原文,我直接放上来给愿意读的人读一下:
“Investors believe that over the long run security prices tend to reflect fundamental developments involving the underlying businesses. Investors in a stock thus expect to profit in at least one of three possible ways: from free cash flow generated by the underlying business, which eventually will be reflected in a higher share price or distributed as dividends; from an increase in the multiple that investors are willing to pay for the underlying business as reflected in a higher share price; or by a narrowing of the gap between share price and underlying business value.”
*原文中multiple就是PE值的意思,是一种统称,PE值只是multiple的一种,有兴趣的读者去这里看一下。
那什么是投机者呢?
投机者,跟投资者相反,只根据他们相信这只股票下次是涨还是跌来买卖股票。
(这里提醒一下,原文中是这些股票,还是那句话,转述或者说翻译的时候多少都会有一些信息被漏掉,这是信息论中不可避免的地方。所以请阅读原文。)
投机者只根据别人的行为来判断未来价格的走向,而不是基于公司本身的价值。股票对他们来说就是一张张被来回来去交换的纸,他们也根本不在乎投资的核心或者是基础。他们买股票因为那些股票“看起来”表现很好,然后在他们“表现”不好的时候卖出。即使是明天就是世界末日估计这帮人还是会根据他们认为今天市场会如何表现来买卖股票。
原文:
“Speculators, by contrast, buy and sell securities based on whether they believe those securities will next rise or fall in price. Their judgment regarding future price movements is based, not on fundamentals, but on a prediction of the behavior of others. They regard securities as pieces of paper to be swapped back and forth and are generally ignorant of or indifferent to investment fundamentals. They buy securities because they “act” well and sell when they don’t. Indeed, even if it were certain that the world would end tomorrow, it is likely that some speculators would continue to trade securities based on what they thought the market would do today.”
投机者很痴迷于预测-猜测-股票价格的走势,电视上,股市报告,各种市场的新闻。跟人在一起也是很激情的讨论下面市场会如何表现。很多投机者都是根据以往这只股票价格来判断未来走向的(这不就是我投资的依据嘛……简直就是一个彻彻底底的投机者)
“Many speculators attempt to predict the market direction by using technical analysis – past stock price fluctuations – as a guide.”
投机者是根据以往价格波动来推测未来走势,而不是根据股票背后公司本身的价值来判断的。而现实世界中没有一个人能够知道市场会做什么,尝试去预测纯粹是浪费时间。
市场里的交易人员是不会带上牌子,说自己是投资者还是投机者。除非你长时间观察他们的行为,否则很难分辨他们的区别。观察他们持有什么股票并不能说明他们是投资者还是投机者,任何股票都可以被投资者、投机者持有。其实很多“职业投资人”实际上表现都跟投机者一样,因为他们把自己的任务定义为根据市场波动内短期交易的利润,而不是基于公司本身价值的长期收益。我们也将会看到,投资者有一定机会获得长期投资的成功;相反的,投机者在长期来看更容易输钱。
原文:
“Market participants do not wear badges that identify them as investors or speculators. It is sometimes difficult to tell the two apart without studying their behavior at length. Examining what they own is not a giveaway, for any security can be owned by investors, speculators, or both. Indeed, many “investment professionals” actually perform as speculators much of the time because of the way they define their mission, pursuing short-term trading profits from predictions of market fluctuations rather than long-term investment profits based on business fundamentals. As we shall see, investors have a reasonable chance of achieving long-term investment success; speculators, by contrast, are likely to lose money over time.”
Excerpt From: Seth A. Klarman. “Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor.” iBooks.
什么才是价值投资?
我先给你放上来他在书中的一句话吧,当作警醒:
“As Buffett has often observed, value investing is not a concept that can be learned and applied gradually over time. It is either absorbed and adopted at once, or it is never truly learned.”
就像巴菲特经常观察到的,价值投资不是一个经过一段时间学习和练习就可以被学会的概念。它是一个要么一次被吸收和接受,要么永远没真正被学会的概念。
这句话有点吓人,让我有一种很警醒的感觉,要知道如果这是一个要么一次性接受,要么就是没有真正学会的概念。那么你在学它的时候才应该很集中注意力。我看到这句话时就非常警惕,想要知道到底什么才是价值投资。
不过Seth在书中的片头就介绍什么了才是价值投资者(后面其实还会有更多的解释):
“Most investors are primarily oriented toward return, how much they can make, and pay little attention to risk, how much they can lose.”
“Value investors, by contrast, have as a primary goal the preservation of their capital.”
Excerpt From: Seth A. Klarman. “Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor.” iBooks.
价值投资者首要的目的是为了保存自己的资产,或者说为自己资产保值。也就是说自己有一定的钱,价值投资者首要目标就是保证这笔钱在自己投资的未来具有和当下一样的价值。价值投资者在寻找一个安全边际,给一些坏运气留出空间,这样能够在一定时间内避免大量的损失。
我建议真正想要学会价值投资的人去读原文,我自己翻译多少会和作者的本意有一定的偏差。
“It is adherence to the concept of a margin of safety that best distinguishes value investors from all others, who are not as concerned about loss.”
Excerpt From: Seth A. Klarman. “Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor.” iBooks.
这句话就是在说区分价值投资者和其他所有人的地方就在于安全边际的概念,除了价值投资者,其他人根本不考虑损失(我感觉我就从来没考虑损失,至少投资的时候没有。完全就不是一个价值投资者T T)
“Those who can predict the future should participate fully, indeed on margin using borrowed money, when the market is about to rise and get out of the market before it declines. Unfortunately, many more investors claim the ability to foresee the market’s direction than actually possess that ability. (I myself have not met a single one.) Those of us who know that we cannot accurately forecast security prices are well advised to consider value investing, a safe and successful strategy in all investment environments.”
Excerpt From: Seth A. Klarman. “Margin of Safety: Risk-Averse Value Investing Strategies for the Thoughtful Investor.” iBooks.
这段话我建议你们自己好好读读……Seth Klarman作为一个坚定的价值投资者,他也认为那些能够预测未来的人应该用借来的钱在股市上涨之前买入,在跌落之前卖出。但不幸的是,很多投资者声称(claim)自己能够预测市场的未来,但实际上根本不拥有那个能力。(至少seth自己没见过一个这样的人)像我们这种知道自己不能预测市场的人建议还是用价值投资(一种在任何投资环境下都安全的战略),去投资。
如果投资人可以预测市场未来的走向,那他们当然不会选择做一个价值投资者。价值投资只有在市场跌落的时候才是最有利的,价值投资者通过安全边际的理念来保护他们在市场跌落的时候产生的大量损失。但在其他时刻,比如市场上涨或者很多股票被高估的时候,价值投资者收益往往比不上其他人,因为他们过早卖出,或者有些不被大众看好的股票没有那些被看好的股票涨的快,而价值投资者通常会买这些不被大众看好,但被低估的股票。
“If investors could predict the future direction of the market, they would certainly not choose to be value investors all the time. Indeed, when securities prices are steadily increasing, a value approach is usually a handicap; out-of-favor securities tend to rise less than the public’s favorites. When the market becomes fully valued on its way to being overvalued, value investors again fare poorly because they sell too soon.
The most beneficial time to be a value investor is when the market is falling. This is when downside risk matters and when investors who worried only about what could go right suffer the consequences of undue optimism. Value investors invest with a margin of safety that protects them from large losses in declining markets.”
总结
总的来说这本书的开头给了我很明确的定义,我总体读书体验还是很不错的。因为作者把自己的想法表达的很清楚。我看完马上就能分别什么才是投资者,什么才是投机者。这也让我观察到自己目前为止区块链投资就是投机,因为我根本不知道它背后公司或者生意(business)的价值。不能分辨自己投资的风险,这样即使赚了钱也是好运气。长时间来看肯定还是会亏钱。
这本书的概念都解释的很清晰,我会陆续写自己的读书笔记,有的时候甚至可能就是直接来转述原文。因为这样能让我重新思考一遍书里的内容。我也才刚开始看,很多的概念都是新的。喜欢投资或者想要了解价值投资的人可以关注我的读书笔记。