Vitalik Buterin(V神)在Sharding FAQ提出“不可能三角”模型:
The trilemma claims that blockchain systems can only at most have two of the following three properties:
- Decentralization (defined as the system being able to run in a scenario where each participant only has access to O(c) resources, ie. a regular laptop or small VPS)
- Scalability (defined as being able to process O(n) > O(c) transactions)
- Security (defined as being secure against attackers with up to O(n) resources)
In the rest of this document, we’ll continue using c to refer to the size of computational resources (including computation, bandwidth and storage) available to each node, and n to refer to the size of the ecosystem in some abstract sense; we assume that transaction load, state size, and the market cap of a cryptocurrency are all proportional to n.
这段话大概意思是,在三难问题表明区块链系统最多只能拥有以下三种属性的其中两种:
- Decentralization —去中心化
- Scalability —高效
- Security —安全
c来指代每个节点可用的计算资源(包括计算,带宽和存储)的大小,以及n从某种抽象意义上指代生态系统的规模。
Scalability的直译是可扩展性,在Scalability后面添加这句话:
defined as being able to process O(n) > O(c) transactions
是指这个区块链能支持的交易数的大小,把Scalability翻译为“高效”更为合理。
- 高效:是每秒处理的交易笔数。
- 安全:不可篡改,保证数据安全和一致性。
- 去中心化:共识机制的一种实现方式,无须依赖某个机构来进行记账。
比特币牺牲高效来满足安全和去中心化,比特币共识算法采用PoW,人人可以参与挖矿来确保去中心化,无须依赖某一个机构,在https://bitnodes.earn.com/看到比特币网络节点数量是:10401个,越多节点挖矿,说明更加去中心化。但比特币每秒处理交易笔数7笔左右。淘宝在2017双11期间交易峰值达每秒25.6万笔。在高效角度来看,比特币每秒处理笔数难以满足人们当前需要。
最近币圈最火爆事情:EOS节点竞选,EOS通过牺牲部分去中心化满足高效和安全,EOS共识算法采用DPoS,只有21个节点参与记账,属于部分去中心化,但它是非常高效。官网宣布EOS每秒处理的交易笔数是百万级。
现在公链都不能同时满足这三个属性,说不定能出现符合三个属性的属性。