1、 5//2=2
5/2=2.5
2、全局变量 global foo
3、list.index(xx) 没有则引发异常
append,insert(x),remove()
self.sort(reverse=True) self.sort(key=str.lower)
sorted
4

type(('hello',))
<class 'tuple'>
type(('hello'))
<class 'str'>
5list ~ tuple
6、copy.copy 复制值而已
import copy
spam = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
cheese = copy.copy(spam)
cheese[1] = 42
spam
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
cheese
['A', 42, 'C', 'D']
7、dict.get('key1',0)
8 string
upper,lower,isupper,islower,,isalpha,isalnum,isdecimal,isspace,startswith,endswith,
join,split(),rjust,ljust
'Hello'.rjust(10)
' Hello'
'Hello'.rjust(20)
'
Hello'
'Hello World'.rjust(20)
' Hello World'
'Hello'.ljust(10)
'Hello '
'Hello'.rjust(20, '')
'***************Hello'
'Hello'.ljust(20, '-')
'Hello---------------'
'Hello'.center(20)
' Hello '
'Hello'.center(20, '=')
'=======Hello========'
'start'.center(20,'')

spam = ' Hello World '
spam.strip()
'Hello World'
spam.lstrip()
'Hello World '
spam.rstrip()
' Hello World'

9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式

nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>')
mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
mo.group()
'<To serve man>'
greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>')
mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
mo.group()
'<To serve man> for dinner.>'

包括换行符：re.DOTALL

noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.')
noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.
\nUphold the law.').group()
'Serve the public trust.'
newlineRegex = re.compile('.', re.DOTALL)
newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group()

cheese = copy.copy(spam)
>>> cheese[1] = 42
>>> spam
['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
>>> cheese
['A', 42, 'C', 'D']
7、dict.get('key1',0)
8 string
upper,lower,isupper,islower,,isalpha,isalnum,isdecimal,isspace,startswith,endswith,
join,split(),rjust,ljust
>>> 'Hello'.rjust(10)
' Hello'
>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20)
'
Hello'
>>> 'Hello World'.rjust(20)
' Hello World'
>>> 'Hello'.ljust(10)
'Hello '
>>> 'Hello'.rjust(20, '')
'***************Hello'
>>> 'Hello'.ljust(20, '-')
'Hello---------------'
>>> 'Hello'.center(20)
' Hello '
>>> 'Hello'.center(20, '=')
'=======Hello========'
'start'.center(20,'')

>>> spam = ' Hello World '
>>> spam.strip()
'Hello World'
>>> spam.lstrip()
'Hello World '
>>> spam.rstrip()
' Hello World'

9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式
>>> nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>')
>>> mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
>>> mo.group()
'<To serve man>'
>>> greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>')
>>> mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
>>> mo.group()
'<To serve man> for dinner.>'

包括换行符：re.DOTALL
>>> noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.')
>>> noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.
\nUphold the law.').group()
'Serve the public trust.'
>>> newlineRegex = re.compile('.', re.DOTALL)
>>> newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group()
'Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.'

不区分大小写：re.I, re.IGNORECASE
sub替换字符串

namesRegex = re.compile(r'Agent \w+')
namesRegex.sub('CENSORED', 'Agent Alice gave the secret documents to Agent Bob.')
'CENSORED gave the secret documents to CENSORED.'

忽略空白符和注释：re.VERBOSE
组合使用：someRegexValue = re.compile('foo', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE)

10文档路径：
import os
os.path.join('a','b','c')

myFiles = ['accounts.txt', 'details.csv', 'invite.docx']
for filename in myFiles:

'Hello'.center(20, '=')
'=======Hello========'
'start'.center(20,'')

>>> spam = ' Hello World '
>>> spam.strip()
'Hello World'
>>> spam.lstrip()
'Hello World '
>>> spam.rstrip()
' Hello World'

9 贪婪模式和非贪婪模式
>>> nongreedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.?>')
>>> mo = nongreedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
>>> mo.group()
'<To serve man>'
>>> greedyRegex = re.compile(r'<.>')
>>> mo = greedyRegex.search('<To serve man> for dinner.>')
>>> mo.group()
'<To serve man> for dinner.>'

包括换行符：re.DOTALL
>>> noNewlineRegex = re.compile('.')
>>> noNewlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.
\nUphold the law.').group()
'Serve the public trust.'
>>> newlineRegex = re.compile('.*', re.DOTALL)
>>> newlineRegex.search('Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.').group()
'Serve the public trust.\nProtect the innocent.\nUphold the law.'

不区分大小写：re.I, re.IGNORECASE
sub替换字符串
>>> namesRegex = re.compile(r'Agent \w+')
>>> namesRegex.sub('CENSORED', 'Agent Alice gave the secret documents to Agent Bob.')
'CENSORED gave the secret documents to CENSORED.'

忽略空白符和注释：re.VERBOSE
组合使用：someRegexValue = re.compile('foo', re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE)

10文档路径：
import os
os.path.join('a','b','c')
>>> myFiles = ['accounts.txt', 'details.csv', 'invite.docx']
>>> for filename in myFiles:
print(os.path.join('C:\Users\asweigart', filename))
C:\Users\asweigart\accounts.txt
C:\Users\asweigart\details.csv
C:\Users\asweigart\invite.docx

os.getcwd()
os.chdir()
os.makedirs()
os.path.abspath('.')
os.path.basename()
os.path.dirname()

calcFilePath.split(os.path.sep)
['C:', 'Windows', 'System32', 'calc.exe']
'/usr/bin'.split(os.path.sep)
['', 'usr', 'bin']
os.path.getsize()
os.listdir()
os.path.exists()
os.path.isdir
os.path.isfile
open().read
open().readlines()

11 shutil
shutil.copy(xx,dir)

import shutil, os
os.chdir('C:\')
 >>> shutil.copy('C:\spam.txt', 'C:\delicious')
'C:\delicious\spam.txt'
 >>> shutil.copy('eggs.txt', 'C:\delicious\eggs2.txt')
' C:\delicious\eggs2.txt'

shutil.copytree(dir1,dir2) dir2文件夹复制dir1
shutil.move(file1,dir1) 移动
shutil.move(file1,file2) 改名

os.unlink() 删除文件
shutil.rmtree 删除文件夹
• 用os.unlink(path)将删除path 处的文件。
• 调用os.rmdir(path)将删除path 处的文件夹。该文件夹必须为空，其中没有任
何文件和文件夹。
• 调用shutil.rmtree(path)将删除path 处的文件夹，它包含的所有文件和文件夹都
会被删除。

for dirname,subdirnames,filenames in os.walk(xx)

12 zipfile

import zipfile, os
os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip
exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')
exampleZip.namelist()
['spam.txt', 'cats/', 'cats/catnames.txt', 'cats/zophie.jpg']
spamInfo = exampleZip.getinfo('spam.txt')
spamInfo.file_size
13908
spamInfo.compress_size
3828
 >>> 'Compressed file is %sx smaller!' % (round(spamInfo.file_size / spamInfo
.compress_size, 2))
'Compressed file is 3.63x smaller!'
exampleZip.close()

解压

import zipfile, os
os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip
exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')
 >>> exampleZip.extractall()
exampleZip.close()

单独解压

exampleZip.extract('spam.txt')
'C:\spam.txt'
exampleZip.extract('spam.txt', 'C:\some\new\folders')
import shutil, os
>>> os.chdir('C:\')
 >>> shutil.copy('C:\spam.txt', 'C:\delicious')
'C:\delicious\spam.txt'
 >>> shutil.copy('eggs.txt', 'C:\delicious\eggs2.txt')
' C:\delicious\eggs2.txt'

shutil.copytree(dir1,dir2) dir2文件夹复制dir1
shutil.move(file1,dir1) 移动
shutil.move(file1,file2) 改名

os.unlink() 删除文件
shutil.rmtree 删除文件夹
• 用os.unlink(path)将删除path 处的文件。
• 调用os.rmdir(path)将删除path 处的文件夹。该文件夹必须为空，其中没有任
何文件和文件夹。
• 调用shutil.rmtree(path)将删除path 处的文件夹，它包含的所有文件和文件夹都
会被删除。

for dirname,subdirnames,filenames in os.walk(xx)

12 zipfile
>>> import zipfile, os
>>> os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip
>>> exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')
>>> exampleZip.namelist()
['spam.txt', 'cats/', 'cats/catnames.txt', 'cats/zophie.jpg']
>>> spamInfo = exampleZip.getinfo('spam.txt')
>>> spamInfo.file_size
13908
>>> spamInfo.compress_size
3828
 >>> 'Compressed file is %sx smaller!' % (round(spamInfo.file_size / spamInfo
.compress_size, 2))
'Compressed file is 3.63x smaller!'
>>> exampleZip.close()

解压
>>> import zipfile, os
>>> os.chdir('C:\') # move to the folder with example.zip
>>> exampleZip = zipfile.ZipFile('example.zip')
 >>> exampleZip.extractall()
>>> exampleZip.close()

单独解压
>>> exampleZip.extract('spam.txt')
'C:\spam.txt'
>>> exampleZip.extract('spam.txt', 'C:\some\new\folders')
'C:\some\new\folders\spam.txt'
exampleZip.close()

压缩：

import zipfile
newZip = zipfile.ZipFile('new.zip', 'w')
newZip.write('spam.txt', compress_type=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
newZip.close()

13
traceback.format_exec()

启动浏览器，打开页面：
import webbrowser
webbrowser.open('http://inventwithpython.com/')

beautifulsoup的soup select
soup.select('div') 所有名为<div>的元素
soup.select('#author') 带有id 属性为author 的元素
soup.select('.notice') 所有使用CSS class 属性名为notice 的元素
soup.select('div span') 所有在<div>元素之内的<span>元素
soup.select('div > span') 所有直接在<div>元素之内的<span>元素，中间没有其他元素
soup.select('input[name]') 所有名为<input>，并有一个name 属性，其值无所谓的元素
soup.select('input[type="button"]') 所有名为<input>，并有一个type 属性，其值为button 的元素

res.raise_for_status() 不存在就异常
res = requests.get(url)
res.raise_for_status()

14 selenium 中的 WebDriver 犯法：
browser.find_element_by_class_name(name)
browser.find_elements_by_class_name(name)
使用CSS 类name 的元素
browser.find_element_by_css_selector(selector)
browser.find_elements_by_css_selector(selector)
匹配CSS selector 的元素
browser.find_element_by_id(id)
browser.find_elements_by_id(id)
匹配id 属性值的元素
browser.find_element_by_link_text(text)
browser.find_elements_by_link_text(text)
完全匹配提供的text 的<a>元素
browser.find_element_by_partial_link_text(text)
browser.find_elements_by_partial_link_text(text)
包含提供的text 的<a>元素
browser.find_element_by_name(name)
browser.find_elements_by_name(name)
匹配name 属性值的元素
browser.find_element_by_tag_name(name)
browser.find_elements_by_tag_name(name)
匹配标签name 的元素
(大小写无关，<a>元素匹配'a'和'A')

WebElement的属性和方法：
tag_name 标签名，例如 'a'表示<a>元素
get_attribute(name) 该元素name 属性的值
text 该元素内的文本，例如<span>hello</span>中的'hello'
clear() 对于文本字段或文本区域元素，清除其中输入的文本
is_displayed() 如果该元素可见，返回True，否则返回False
is_enabled() 对于输入元素，如果该元素启用，返回True，否则返回False
is_selected() 对于复选框或单选框元素，如果该元素被选中，选择True，否则返回False
location 一个字典，包含键'x'和'y'，表示该元素在页面上的位置

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
try:
elem = browser.find_element_by_class_name('bookcover')
print('Found <%s> element with that class name!' % (elem.tag_name))
except:
print('Was not able to find an element with that name.')

元素点击：

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://inventwithpython.com')
linkElem = browser.find_element_by_link_text('Read It Online')
type(linkElem)
<class 'selenium.webdriver.remote.webelement.WebElement'>
linkElem.click() # follows the "Read It Online" link

输入内容：

from selenium import webdriver
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://gmail.com')
emailElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Email')
emailElem.send_keys('not_my_real_email@gmail.com')
passwordElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Passwd')
passwordElem.send_keys('12345')
passwordElem.submit()

selenium.webdriver.common.keys 中常用变量
Keys.DOWN, Keys.UP, Keys.LEFT,Keys.RIGHT 键盘箭头键
Keys.ENTER, Keys.RETURN 回车和换行键
Keys.HOME, Keys.END,
Keys.PAGE_DOWN,Keys.PAGE_UP
Home 键、End 键、PageUp 键和Page Down 键
Keys.ESCAPE, Keys.BACK_SPACE,Keys.DELETE Esc、Backspace 和字母键
Keys.F1, Keys.F2, . . . , Keys.F12 键盘顶部的F1 到F12 键
Keys.TAB Tab 键
模拟按键

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
browser = webdriver.Firefox()
browser.get('http://nostarch.com')
htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html')
htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom
htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top
浏览器按钮：
browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。
browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。
browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。
browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。

15 openpyxl

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
type(wb)
<class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'>

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
sheet
browser.get('http://gmail.com')
>>> emailElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Email')
>>> emailElem.send_keys('not_my_real_email@gmail.com')
>>> passwordElem = browser.find_element_by_id('Passwd')
>>> passwordElem.send_keys('12345')
>>> passwordElem.submit()

selenium.webdriver.common.keys 中常用变量
Keys.DOWN, Keys.UP, Keys.LEFT,Keys.RIGHT 键盘箭头键
Keys.ENTER, Keys.RETURN 回车和换行键
Keys.HOME, Keys.END,
Keys.PAGE_DOWN,Keys.PAGE_UP
Home 键、End 键、PageUp 键和Page Down 键
Keys.ESCAPE, Keys.BACK_SPACE,Keys.DELETE Esc、Backspace 和字母键
Keys.F1, Keys.F2, . . . , Keys.F12 键盘顶部的F1 到F12 键
Keys.TAB Tab 键
模拟按键
>>> from selenium import webdriver
>>> from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
>>> browser = webdriver.Firefox()
>>> browser.get('http://nostarch.com')
>>> htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html')
>>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom
>>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top
浏览器按钮：
browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。
browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。
browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。
browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。

15 openpyxl
>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> type(wb)
<class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'>

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
>>> sheet
<Worksheet "Sheet3">
type(sheet)
<class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'>
sheet.title
'Sheet3'
anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
anotherSheet
<Worksheet "Sheet1">

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
sheet['A1']
<Cell Sheet1.A1>
sheet['A1'].value
datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2)
c = sheet['B1']
c.value
'Apples'
'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value
'Row 1, Column B is Apples'
'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value
'Cell B1 is Apples'
sheet['C1'].value

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
>>> browser = webdriver.Firefox()
>>> browser.get('http://nostarch.com')
>>> htmlElem = browser.find_element_by_tag_name('html')
>>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom
>>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top
浏览器按钮：
browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。
browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。
browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。
browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。

15 openpyxl
>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> type(wb)
<class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'>

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
>>> sheet
<Worksheet "Sheet3">
>>> type(sheet)
<class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'>
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet3'
>>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> anotherSheet
<Worksheet "Sheet1">

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet['A1']
<Cell Sheet1.A1>
>>> sheet['A1'].value
datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2)
>>> c = sheet['B1']
>>> c.value
'Apples'
>>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value
'Row 1, Column B is Apples'
>>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value
'Cell B1 is Apples'
>>> sheet['C1'].value
73

sheet.cell(row=1, column=2)
<Cell Sheet1.B1>
sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value
'Apples'
for i in range(1, 8, 2):
print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value)
1 Apples
htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.END) # scrolls to bottom
>>> htmlElem.send_keys(Keys.HOME) # scrolls to top
浏览器按钮：
browser.back()点击“返回”按钮。
browser.forward()点击“前进”按钮。
browser.refresh()点击“刷新”按钮。
browser.quit()点击“关闭窗口”按钮。

15 openpyxl
>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> type(wb)
<class 'openpyxl.workbook.workbook.Workbook'>

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
>>> sheet
<Worksheet "Sheet3">
>>> type(sheet)
<class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'>
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet3'
>>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> anotherSheet
<Worksheet "Sheet1">

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet['A1']
<Cell Sheet1.A1>
>>> sheet['A1'].value
datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2)
>>> c = sheet['B1']
>>> c.value
'Apples'
>>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value
'Row 1, Column B is Apples'
>>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value
'Cell B1 is Apples'
>>> sheet['C1'].value
73

>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2)
<Cell Sheet1.B1>
>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value
'Apples'
>>> for i in range(1, 8, 2):
print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value)
1 Apples
3 Pears
5 Apples
7 Strawberries

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
sheet.get_highest_row()
7
sheet.get_highest_column()
3

import openpyxl
from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
get_column_letter(1)
'A'
get_column_letter(2)
import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> wb.get_sheet_names()
['Sheet1', 'Sheet2', 'Sheet3']
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet3')
>>> sheet
<Worksheet "Sheet3">
>>> type(sheet)
<class 'openpyxl.worksheet.worksheet.Worksheet'>
>>> sheet.title
'Sheet3'
>>> anotherSheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> anotherSheet
<Worksheet "Sheet1">

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet['A1']
<Cell Sheet1.A1>
>>> sheet['A1'].value
datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 5, 13, 34, 2)
>>> c = sheet['B1']
>>> c.value
'Apples'
>>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value
'Row 1, Column B is Apples'
>>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value
'Cell B1 is Apples'
>>> sheet['C1'].value
73

>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2)
<Cell Sheet1.B1>
>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value
'Apples'
>>> for i in range(1, 8, 2):
print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value)
1 Apples
3 Pears
5 Apples
7 Strawberries

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet.get_highest_row()
7
>>> sheet.get_highest_column()
3

>>> import openpyxl
>>> from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
>>> get_column_letter(1)
'A'
>>> get_column_letter(2)
'B'
get_column_letter(27)
'AA'
get_column_letter(900)
'AHP'
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column())
'C'
column_index_from_string('A')
1
column_index_from_string('AA')
27

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
tuple(sheet['A1':'C3'])
((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>,
<Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>,
<Cell Sheet1.C3>))
c.value
'Apples'
>>> 'Row ' + str(c.row) + ', Column ' + c.column + ' is ' + c.value
'Row 1, Column B is Apples'
>>> 'Cell ' + c.coordinate + ' is ' + c.value
'Cell B1 is Apples'
>>> sheet['C1'].value
73

>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2)
<Cell Sheet1.B1>
>>> sheet.cell(row=1, column=2).value
'Apples'
>>> for i in range(1, 8, 2):
print(i, sheet.cell(row=i, column=2).value)
1 Apples
3 Pears
5 Apples
7 Strawberries

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> sheet.get_highest_row()
7
>>> sheet.get_highest_column()
3

>>> import openpyxl
>>> from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
>>> get_column_letter(1)
'A'
>>> get_column_letter(2)
'B'
>>> get_column_letter(27)
'AA'
>>> get_column_letter(900)
'AHP'
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column())
'C'
>>> column_index_from_string('A')
1
>>> column_index_from_string('AA')
27

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> tuple(sheet['A1':'C3'])
((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>,
<Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>,
<Cell Sheet1.C3>))
 >>> for rowOfCellObjects in sheet['A1':'C3']:
 for cellObj in rowOfCellObjects:
print(cellObj.coordinate, cellObj.value)
print('--- END OF ROW ---')
A1 2015-04-05 13:34:02
B1 Apples
C1 73
--- END OF ROW ---
A2 2015-04-05 03:41:23
B2 Cherries
C2 85
--- END OF ROW ---
A3 2015-04-06 12:46:51
B3 Pears
C3 14
--- END OF ROW ---

import openpyxl
wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
sheet.columns[1]
(<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>,
<Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>)
for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]:
from openpyxl.cell import get_column_letter, column_index_from_string
>>> get_column_letter(1)
'A'
>>> get_column_letter(2)
'B'
>>> get_column_letter(27)
'AA'
>>> get_column_letter(900)
'AHP'
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> get_column_letter(sheet.get_highest_column())
'C'
>>> column_index_from_string('A')
1
>>> column_index_from_string('AA')
27

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_sheet_by_name('Sheet1')
>>> tuple(sheet['A1':'C3'])
((<Cell Sheet1.A1>, <Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.C1>), (<Cell Sheet1.A2>,
<Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.C2>), (<Cell Sheet1.A3>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>,
<Cell Sheet1.C3>))
 >>> for rowOfCellObjects in sheet['A1':'C3']:
 for cellObj in rowOfCellObjects:
print(cellObj.coordinate, cellObj.value)
print('--- END OF ROW ---')
A1 2015-04-05 13:34:02
B1 Apples
C1 73
--- END OF ROW ---
A2 2015-04-05 03:41:23
B2 Cherries
C2 85
--- END OF ROW ---
A3 2015-04-06 12:46:51
B3 Pears
C3 14
--- END OF ROW ---

>>> import openpyxl
>>> wb = openpyxl.load_workbook('example.xlsx')
>>> sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> sheet.columns[1]
(<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>,
<Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>)
>>> for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]:
print(cellObj.value)

16\

import time
time.time()
1425063955.068649
time.sleep(1)

datetime.datetime.now()

import datetime
 >>> datetime.datetime.now()
 datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 10, 49, 55, 53)
 >>> dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)
 >>> dt.year, dt.month, dt.day
(2015, 10, 21)
 >>> dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second
(16, 29, 0)

datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(100000000000)

datetime.timedelta 一段时间

delta = datetime.timedelta(days=11, hours=10, minutes=9, seconds=8)
 >>> delta.days, delta.seconds, delta.microseconds
(11, 36548, 0)
delta.total_seconds()
986948.0
str(delta)
'11 days, 10:09:08'

暂停直到指定日期：
import datetime
import time
halloween2016 = datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 31, 0, 0, 0)
while datetime.datetime.now() < halloween2016:
time.sleep(1)

日期格式化：strftime

oct21st = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)
oct21st.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S')
'2015/10/21 16:29:00'
oct21st.strftime('%I:%M %p')
'04:29 PM'
oct21st.strftime("%B of '%y")
"October of '15"
字符串转成日期：strptime
datetime.datetime.strptime('October 21, 2015', '%B %d, %Y')
sheet = wb.get_active_sheet()
>>> sheet.columns[1]
(<Cell Sheet1.B1>, <Cell Sheet1.B2>, <Cell Sheet1.B3>, <Cell Sheet1.B4>,
<Cell Sheet1.B5>, <Cell Sheet1.B6>, <Cell Sheet1.B7>)
>>> for cellObj in sheet.columns[1]:
print(cellObj.value)

16\
>>> import time
>>> time.time()
1425063955.068649
time.sleep(1)

datetime.datetime.now()
>>> import datetime
 >>> datetime.datetime.now()
 datetime.datetime(2015, 2, 27, 11, 10, 49, 55, 53)
 >>> dt = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)
 >>> dt.year, dt.month, dt.day
(2015, 10, 21)
 >>> dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second
(16, 29, 0)

datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(100000000000)

datetime.timedelta 一段时间
>>> delta = datetime.timedelta(days=11, hours=10, minutes=9, seconds=8)
 >>> delta.days, delta.seconds, delta.microseconds
(11, 36548, 0)
>>> delta.total_seconds()
986948.0
>>> str(delta)
'11 days, 10:09:08'

暂停直到指定日期：
import datetime
import time
halloween2016 = datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 31, 0, 0, 0)
while datetime.datetime.now() < halloween2016:
time.sleep(1)

日期格式化：strftime
>>> oct21st = datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29, 0)
>>> oct21st.strftime('%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S')
'2015/10/21 16:29:00'
>>> oct21st.strftime('%I:%M %p')
'04:29 PM'
>>> oct21st.strftime("%B of '%y")
"October of '15"
字符串转成日期：strptime
>>> datetime.datetime.strptime('October 21, 2015', '%B %d, %Y')
datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 0, 0)
datetime.datetime.strptime('2015/10/21 16:29:00', '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S')
datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 21, 16, 29)
datetime.datetime.strptime("October of '15", "%B of '%y")
datetime.datetime(2015, 10, 1, 0, 0)
datetime.datetime.strptime("November of '63", "%B of '%y")
datetime.datetime(2063, 11, 1, 0, 0)

17 线程！
import threading, time
print('Start of program.')
 def takeANap():
time.sleep(5)
print('Wake up!')
 threadObj = threading.Thread(target=takeANap)
 threadObj.start()
print('End of program.')

threading.Thread(target=xx)
x.start()
threading.Thread(target=x,args=[1,3,4],kwargs={x:x,y:y})

18 subprocess.Ppopen()

import subprocess
subprocess.Popen('C:\Windows\System32\calc.exe')

返回值是一个Popen 对象，它有两个有用的方法：poll()和wait()。
可以认为poll()方法是问你的朋友，她是否执行完毕你给她的代码。如果这个
进程在poll()调用时仍在运行，poll()方法就返回None。如果该程序已经终止，
它会返回该进程的整数退出代码。退出代码用于说明进程是无错终止（退出代码
为0），还是一个错误导致进程终止（退出代码非零，通常为1，但可能根据程序
而不同）。
wait()方法就像是等着你的朋友执行完她的代码，然后你继续执行你的代码。
wait()方法将阻塞，直到启动的进程终止。如果你希望你的程序暂停，直到用户完成
与其他程序，这非常有用。wait()的返回值是进程的整数退出代码。
xx.poll()
xx.wait() 阻塞
传递参数：
subprocess.Popen(['C:\Windows\notepad.exe', 'C:\hello.txt'])
用系统默认程序播放声音，linux上start要改成open
subprocess.Popen(['start', 'alarm.wav'], shell=True)

21 发短信：twilio

from twilio.rest import TwilioRestClient
accountSID = 'ACxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
authToken = 'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
 >>> twilioCli = TwilioRestClient(accountSID, authToken)
myTwilioNumber = '+14955551234'
myCellPhone = '+14955558888'
 >>> message = twilioCli.messages.create(body='Mr. Watson - Come here - I want
to see you.', from_=myTwilioNumber, to=myCellPhone)

22 Pillow获取颜色

from PIL import ImageColor
 >>> ImageColor.getcolor('red', 'RGBA')
(255, 0, 0, 255)
 >>> ImageColor.getcolor('RED', 'RGBA')
(255, 0, 0, 255)
ImageColor.getcolor('Black', 'RGBA')
(0, 0, 0, 255)
ImageColor.getcolor('chocolate', 'RGBA')
(210, 105, 30, 255)
ImageColor.getcolor('CornflowerBlue', 'RGBA')
(100, 149, 237, 255)
打开图像
Image.open(xx.png)
from PIL import Image
catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
获取图像像素
from PIL import Image
catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
catIm.size
filename,format
format_description
save
画纯颜色图片
from PIL import Image
 >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 200), 'purple')
im.save('purpleImage.png')
 >>> im2 = Image.new('RGBA', (20, 20))
im2.save('transparentImage.png')
剪裁图片
croppedIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560))
croppedIm.save('cropped.png')
复制和粘贴图片
catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
catCopyIm = catIm.copy()
faceIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560))
faceIm.size
(230, 215)
catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (0, 0))
catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (400, 500))
catCopyIm.save('pasted.png')
平铺图像
catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size
faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size
 >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()
 >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):
 for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight):
print(left, top)
catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top))
调整图像大小
width, height = catIm.size
 >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2)))
quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')
 >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300))
svelteIm.save('svelte.png')

ImageColor.getcolor('CornflowerBlue', 'RGBA')
(100, 149, 237, 255)
打开图像
Image.open(xx.png)
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
获取图像像素
>>> from PIL import Image
>>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
>>> catIm.size
filename,format
format_description
save
画纯颜色图片
>>> from PIL import Image
 >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 200), 'purple')
>>> im.save('purpleImage.png')
 >>> im2 = Image.new('RGBA', (20, 20))
>>> im2.save('transparentImage.png')
剪裁图片
>>> croppedIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560))
>>> croppedIm.save('cropped.png')
复制和粘贴图片
>>> catIm = Image.open('zophie.png')
>>> catCopyIm = catIm.copy()
>>> faceIm = catIm.crop((335, 345, 565, 560))
>>> faceIm.size
(230, 215)
>>> catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (0, 0))
>>> catCopyIm.paste(faceIm, (400, 500))
>>> catCopyIm.save('pasted.png')
平铺图像
>>> catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size
>>> faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size
 >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()
 >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):
 for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight):
print(left, top)
catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top))
调整图像大小
>>> width, height = catIm.size
 >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2)))
>>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')
 >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300))
>>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png')
翻转图像
catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png')
catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png')

catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png')
翻转并扩大
catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png')
catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png')
翻转（整面）
catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png')
catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png

更改像素
im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))
 >>> im.getpixel((0, 0))
(0, 0, 0, 0)
 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50):
 im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210))
from PIL import ImageColor
 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50, 100):
catCopyIm.save('pasted.png')
平铺图像
>>> catImWidth, catImHeight = catIm.size
>>> faceImWidth, faceImHeight = faceIm.size
 >>> catCopyTwo = catIm.copy()
 >>> for left in range(0, catImWidth, faceImWidth):
 for top in range(0, catImHeight, faceImHeight):
print(left, top)
catCopyTwo.paste(faceIm, (left, top))
调整图像大小
>>> width, height = catIm.size
 >>> quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2)))
>>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')
 >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300))
>>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png')
翻转图像
>>> catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png')
翻转并扩大
>>> catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png')
翻转（整面）
>>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png')
>>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png

更改像素
>>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))
 >>> im.getpixel((0, 0))
(0, 0, 0, 0)
 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50):
 im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210))
>>> from PIL import ImageColor

 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50, 100):
 im.putpixel((x, y), ImageColor.getcolor('darkgray', 'RGBA'))
im.getpixel((0, 0))
(210, 210, 210, 255)
im.getpixel((0, 50))
(169, 169, 169, 255)
im.save('putPixel.png')

画图：

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white')
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
点
point(xy, fill)方法绘制单个像素。xy 参数表示要画的点的列表。该列表可以是x
quartersizedIm = catIm.resize((int(width / 2), int(height / 2)))
>>> quartersizedIm.save('quartersized.png')
 >>> svelteIm = catIm.resize((width, height + 300))
>>> svelteIm.save('svelte.png')
翻转图像
>>> catIm.rotate(90).save('rotated90.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(180).save('rotated180.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(270).save('rotated270.png')
翻转并扩大
>>> catIm.rotate(6).save('rotated6.png')
>>> catIm.rotate(6, expand=True).save('rotated6_expanded.png')
翻转（整面）
>>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT).save('horizontal_flip.png')
>>> catIm.transpose(Image.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM).save('vertical_flip.png')

image.png

更改像素
>>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (100, 100))
 >>> im.getpixel((0, 0))
(0, 0, 0, 0)
 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50):
 im.putpixel((x, y), (210, 210, 210))
>>> from PIL import ImageColor
 >>> for x in range(100):
for y in range(50, 100):
 im.putpixel((x, y), ImageColor.getcolor('darkgray', 'RGBA'))
>>> im.getpixel((0, 0))
(210, 210, 210, 255)
>>> im.getpixel((0, 50))
(169, 169, 169, 255)
> >> im.save('putPixel.png')

画图：
>>> from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
>>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white')
>>> draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
点
point(xy, fill)方法绘制单个像素。xy 参数表示要画的点的列表。该列表可以是x
和y 坐标的元组的列表，例如[(x, y), (x, y), ...]，或是没有元组的x 和y 坐标的列表，
例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]。fill 参数是点的颜色，要么是一个RGBA 元组，要么是颜色
名称的字符串，如'red'。fill 参数是可选的。
线
line(xy, fill, width)方法绘制一条线或一系列的线。xy 要么是一个元组的列表，
例如[(x, y), (x, y), ...]，要么是一个整数列表，例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]。每个点都是正
在绘制的线上的一个连接点。可选的fill 参数是线的颜色，是一个RGBA 元组或颜色
名称。可选的width 参数是线的宽度，如果未指定，缺省值为1。
矩形
rectangle(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制一个矩形。xy 参数是一个矩形元组，形式为(left,
top, right, bottom)。left 和top 值指定了矩形左上角的x 和y 坐标，right 和bottom 指定
了矩形的右下角。可选的fill 参数是颜色，将填充该矩形的内部。可选的outline 参
数是矩形轮廓的颜色。
椭圆
ellipse(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制一个椭圆。如果椭圆的宽度和高度一样，该方法将绘
制一个圆。xy 参数是一个矩形元组(left, top, right, bottom)，它表示正好包含该椭圆的
矩形。可选的fill 参数是椭圆内的颜色，可选的outline 参数是椭圆轮廓的颜色。
多边形
polygon(xy, fill, outline)方法绘制任意的多边形。xy 参数是一个元组列表，例如
[(x, y), (x, y), ...]，或者是一个整数列表，例如[x1, y1, x2, y2, ...]，表示多边形边的连
接点。最后一对坐标将自动连接到第一对坐标。可选的fill 参数是多边形内部的颜
色，可选的outline 参数是多边形轮廓的颜色。
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white')
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 >>> draw.line([(0, 0), (199, 0), (199, 199), (0, 199), (0, 0)], fill='black')
 >>> draw.rectangle((20, 30, 60, 60), fill='blue')
 >>> draw.ellipse((120, 30, 160, 60), fill='red')
 >>> draw.polygon(((57, 87), (79, 62), (94, 85), (120, 90), (103, 113)),
fill='brown')
 >>> for i in range(100, 200, 10):
draw.line([(i, 0), (200, i - 100)], fill='green')
im.save('drawing.png')
写字
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw, ImageFont
import os
 >>> im = Image.new('RGBA', (200, 200), 'white')
draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im)
 >>> draw.text((20, 150), 'Hello', fill='purple')
fontsFolder = 'FONT_FOLDER' # e.g. ‘/Library/Fonts’
 >>> arialFont = ImageFont.truetype(os.path.join(fontsFolder, 'arial.ttf'), 32)
 >>> draw.text((100, 150), 'Howdy', fill='gray', font=arialFont)
im.save('text.png')