瑞典皇家科学院在瑞典斯德哥尔摩宣布,将2018年度诺贝尔经济学奖授予美国经济学家威廉·诺德豪斯(William D.Nordhaus)和保罗·罗默(Paul Romer),以表彰二人将技术创新和气候变化与经济增长相结合。
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2018 to
William D. Nordhaus
Yale University, New Haven, USA
“for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis”
“将气候变化纳入长期宏观经济分析”
and
Paul M. Romer
NYU Stern School of Business, New York, USA
“for integrating technological innovations into long-run acroeconomic analysis”
“将技术创新纳入长期宏观经济分析”
At its heart, economics deals with the management of scarce resources. Nature dictates the main constraints on economic growth and our knowledge determines how well we deal with these constraints. This year's Laureates William Nordhaus and Paul Romer have significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain how the market economy interacts with nature and knowledge.
经济学的核心是配置稀缺资源。自然要素成为了经济增长的主要约束条件,而我们的知识将决定我们如何解决这些约束问题。今年,诺德豪斯和罗默两位诺贝尔经济学奖获得者,通过解释市场经济与自然和知识的互相联动,拓宽了经济学分析的范围。(译1)
经济学的核心是管理稀缺资源,自然环境是制约经济增长的主要因素,而我们的知识体系决定我们将如何处理这些制约因素。今年的两位获奖者通过构建模型来解释市场经济和自然环境之间的关系,大大拓展了经济分析的范畴。(译2)
come to light
表示“稀缺的,不足的,缺乏的,稀少的”,英文解释为“if something is scarce, there is not very much of it available”,举个🌰:
Food was often scarce in the winter.
冬季常常粮食短缺。
补充短语:make yourself scarce 〔为避免出现令人不快的情形而〕离开,溜走,举个🌰:
I decided it was time to make myself scarce.
我觉得自己该走了。
dictate
我们比较熟悉的dictation 听写,作动词除了表示“让〔某人〕听写,口授”之外,此处表示“支配,影响,决定”,同determine,英文解释为“to control or influence something”,举个🌰:
Funds dictate what we can do.
资金(的多少)决定我们能做些什么。
它也可以表示“命令,规定,指定”,英文解释为“to tell someone exactly what they must do or how they must behave”
Technological change – Romer demonstrates how knowledge can function as a driver of long-term economic growth. When annual economic growth of a few per cent accumulates over decades, it transforms people's lives.
关于技术变化:罗默的研究显示了知识将如何成为驱动经济长期增长的动力。当年增长率在数十年间都能保持一定增长率的时候,“知识”这个要素将改变人们的生活。(译1)
技术创新:保罗定义了知识是如何成为长期推动经济增长的动力,当经济每年都有几个百分点的增长并且保持数十年的时候,人们的生活方式将随之发生剧变。(译2)
Previous macroeconomic research had emphasised technological innovation as the primary driver of economic growth, but had not modelled how economic decisions and market conditions determine the creation of new technologies. Paul Romer solved this problem by demonstrating how economic forces govern the willingness of firms to produce new ideas and innovations.
过去的宏观经济研究强调了技术创新是经济增长的主要驱动力,但是并没有理论模拟经济决策和市场条件将如何决定新技术的创造。而罗默则通过展示经济力量如何支配公司在创新创造上的意愿,解决了这一问题。(译1)
之前的宏观经济强调技术创新是经济增长的主要驱动力,但是并没有展示经济政策和市场条件如何决定技术变革,保罗通过演示经济力量对公司愿景的管理,进而产生新的创意和革新这种方式解决了上述问题。(译2)
Romer’s solution, which was published in 1990, laid the foundation of what is now called endogenous growth theory. The theory is both conceptual and practical, as it explains how ideas are different to other goods and require specific conditions to thrive in a market. Romer's theory has generated vast amounts of new research into the regulations and policies that encourage new ideas and long-term prosperity.
罗默在1990年就发布了这一成果,成为了内生增长理论的基础。该理论既是概念性的又是实用的,因为它解释了同一种创新想法对不同商品的意义是不同的,并且将理念变为实践的过程,需要市场提供相对应的具体条件。罗默的理论有为促进技术创新和长期经济繁荣的法规和政策提供了大量新研究。(译1)
1990年,保罗的解决方案公开出版,奠定了现在的经济内生增长理论。该理论是概念化的,同时也非常实用,因为它解释了创意与其它产品之间的不同,并需要特定条件才能在市场中茁壮成长。基于保罗的理论,目前已有大量关于鼓励新思想和长期繁荣的法规政策正处于研究中。(译2)
endogenous growth theory
内生增长理论(The Theory of Endogenous Growth)核心思想是认为经济能够不依赖外力推动实现持续增长,内生的技术进步是保证经济持续增长的决定因素。强调不完全竞争和收益递增。(百度百科)
Climate change – Nordhaus' findings deal with interactions between society and nature. Nordhaus decided to work on this topic in the 1970s, as scientists had become increasingly worried about the combustion of fossil fuel resulting in a warmer climate. In the mid-1990s, he became the first person to create an integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate.
关于气候变化:诺德豪斯的研究结果涉及社会和自然的相互影响。上世纪70年代开始,科学家们越来越担心化石燃料的使用将会导致气候变暖,诺德豪斯正是在那时开始研究这一议题。在20世纪90年代中期,他首创了综合评估模型(integrated assessment model),即描述全局的定量模型经济与气候之间的相互作用。(译1)
气侯变化——威廉姆的研究结果是关于社会和自然之间的相互作用早在20世纪70年代,威廉姆已决定开始研究这一主题,因为当时科学家们担心化石燃料的使用导致气侯变暖。20世纪90年代中期,他成为第一个创建综合模型的人,这一模型即是描述经济与气侯之间全球范围内相互作用的定量模型。(译2)
combustion
表示“〔产生光和热的〕燃烧”,英文解释为“Combustion is the act of burning something or the process of burning.”举个🌰:
The energy is released by combustion on the application of a match.
能量通过点火柴燃烧释放出来。
quantitative model 定量模型;量化模型
fossil fuel 化石燃料
Fossil fuel is fuel such as coal or oil that is formed from the decayed remains of plants or animals.
His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. Nordhaus' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve. It is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes.
该模型整合了理论和来自物理、化学和经济学的实证结果。诺德豪斯的模型如今已广泛传播并用于模拟经济和气候共同发展。它可以用于测试例如碳税等相关气候政策干预经济的后果。(译1)
该模型整合了物理、化学、经济学理论和实证结果,目前已被广泛运用于模拟经济气侯之间的演化以及检测气侯政策干预的后果,比如征收二氧化碳税。(译2)
The contributions of Paul Romer and William Nordhaus are methodological, providing us with fundamental insights into the causes and consequences of technological innovation and climate change. This year’s Laureates do not deliver conclusive answers, but their findings have brought us considerably closer to answering the question of how we can achieve sustained and sustainable global economic growth.
罗默和诺德豪斯的贡献集中于方法论,他们的研究为经济学提供了日后研究技术创新和气候变化的因与果的基本视角。尽管这两位获奖者无法对问题给出确凿的答案,但他们的发现让我们离实现全球经济可持续发展的目标更近了一步。(译1)
保罗.罗默和威廉姆.D.诺德豪斯的贡献是一种方法论,他们为我们提供了有关技术创新和气侯变化的原因及后果的基础见解,今年的获奖者并未提出确凿的结论性答案,但他们的研究结果使我们更易于回答如何实现全球经济的可持续性增长。(译2)
methodological
/,mɛθədə'lɑdʒɪkl/
作形容词表示“方法的,方法论的”,名词形式:methodology“方法论”,英文解释:A methodology is a system of methods and principles for doing something, for example for teaching or for carrying out research.举个🌰:
Teaching methodologies vary according to the topic.
教学方法因题目而不同。
译1:http://t.cn/E77PPFk 澎湃新闻
译2:http://t.cn/Ehe7ZWh 新浪财经
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