前言
前段时间面试了很多家公司(坐标成都,大大小小加起来得20家吧),有时候有些事做多了,你就会发现它的一些窍门或者规律,面试这件事当然也不例外。其实很多公司问到的问题都大同小异,从今天开始,我来总结一下遇到的一些回答不上来,经典的问题,首先就来一个关于OkHttp的问题(来自喜马拉雅),问题会在文章后给出,现在我不太好描述(基于OkHttp3.9.1)
进入正题,一步一步来,首先来看看OkHttp的基础
创建一个普通的同步get请求代码如下:
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();//1
String run(String url) throws IOException {
Request request = new Request.Builder().url(url).build();//2
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();//3
if (response.isSuccessful()) {
return response.body().string();
} else {
throw new IOException("Unexpected code " + response);
}
}
异步get:
OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();//1
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://xxxxxx")
.build();//2
client.newCall(request).enqueue(new Callback() {//3
@Override
public void onFailure(Call call, IOException e) {
}
@Override
public void onResponse(Call call, Response response) throws IOException {
if(response.isSuccessful()){//回调的方法执行在子线程。
}
}
});
都是主要三个步骤:1.创建OkHttpClient实例;2.使用构造器创建请求;3.提交请求。
OkHttpClient构造方法
从构造方法开始,看看OkHttpClient的创建过程
public OkHttpClient() {
this(new Builder());
}
public Builder() {
this.dispatcher = builder.dispatcher;
this.proxy = builder.proxy;//代理
this.protocols = builder.protocols;//协议
this.connectionSpecs = builder.connectionSpecs;//策略
this.interceptors = Util.immutableList(builder.interceptors);//拦截器
this.networkInterceptors = Util.immutableList(builder.networkInterceptors);//网络拦截器
this.eventListenerFactory = builder.eventListenerFactory;
this.proxySelector = builder.proxySelector;
this.cookieJar = builder.cookieJar;
this.cache = builder.cache;
this.internalCache = builder.internalCache;
this.socketFactory = builder.socketFactory;
boolean isTLS = false;
for (ConnectionSpec spec : connectionSpecs) {
isTLS = isTLS || spec.isTls();
}
if (builder.sslSocketFactory != null || !isTLS) {
this.sslSocketFactory = builder.sslSocketFactory;
this.certificateChainCleaner = builder.certificateChainCleaner;
} else {
X509TrustManager trustManager = systemDefaultTrustManager();
this.sslSocketFactory = systemDefaultSslSocketFactory(trustManager);
this.certificateChainCleaner = CertificateChainCleaner.get(trustManager);
}
this.hostnameVerifier = builder.hostnameVerifier;
this.certificatePinner = builder.certificatePinner.withCertificateChainCleaner(
certificateChainCleaner);
this.proxyAuthenticator = builder.proxyAuthenticator;
this.authenticator = builder.authenticator;
this.connectionPool = builder.connectionPool;
this.dns = builder.dns;
this.followSslRedirects = builder.followSslRedirects;
this.followRedirects = builder.followRedirects;
this.retryOnConnectionFailure = builder.retryOnConnectionFailure;
this.connectTimeout = builder.connectTimeout;
this.readTimeout = builder.readTimeout;
this.writeTimeout = builder.writeTimeout;
this.pingInterval = builder.pingInterval;
if (interceptors.contains(null)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Null interceptor: " + interceptors);
}
if (networkInterceptors.contains(null)) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Null network interceptor: " + networkInterceptors);
}
}
可以看到,创建的过程主要是调用了构造器的构造方法,初始化了一些请求相关的参数,这里面几乎都是跟HTTP请求相关的参数,就不深入去追究,主要是要注意这里有三个东西:就是interceptors和networkInterceptors(这两个类就是这篇文章的主题,后面再细说),还有一个Dispatcher,我们需要进去看看,在这里我们可以知道OkHttp请求的任务调度原理:
public final class Dispatcher {
private int maxRequests = 64;//最大请求任务个数
private int maxRequestsPerHost = 5;//最大允许同一host的请求任务个数
public Dispatcher(ExecutorService executorService) {
this.executorService = executorService;
}
public Dispatcher() {
}
public synchronized ExecutorService executorService() {
if (executorService == null) {
executorService = new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 60, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>(), Util.threadFactory("OkHttp Dispatcher", false));
}
return executorService;
}
...
}
可以看出来,Dispatcher就像是一个调度中心,这里负责所有的任务执行,值得注意的是我们看到executorService这个对象是个线程池,而且是个不限制大小的线程池,这里用到了SynchronousQueue(没有缓存大小的阻塞队列),这个线程池跟Executors默认的newCachedThreadPool原理相同,当任务加入时如果有空闲的线程就复用,没有的话就创建新的线程,每个线程空闲后60秒被销毁。
创建请求
Request request = new Request.Builder()
.url("http://xxxxxx")
.build();
这一步很简单,传入请求地址就OK,也没什么多说的
发起请求
到这里算是到了正文,来看看OkHttp的请求到底是怎么来执行的,先看同步的请求:
Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
client.newCall(request):
@Override public Call newCall(Request request) {
return RealCall.newRealCall(this, request, false /* for web socket */);
}
调用RealCall.newRealCall:
static RealCall newRealCall(OkHttpClient client, Request originalRequest, boolean forWebSocket) {
// Safely publish the Call instance to the EventListener.
RealCall call = new RealCall(client, originalRequest, forWebSocket);
call.eventListener = client.eventListenerFactory().create(call);
return call;
}
再来到RealCall的构造:
private RealCall(OkHttpClient client, Request originalRequest, boolean forWebSocket) {
this.client = client;
this.originalRequest = originalRequest;
this.forWebSocket = forWebSocket;
this.retryAndFollowUpInterceptor = new RetryAndFollowUpInterceptor(client, forWebSocket);
}
在这里除了初始化一些对象以外,还有一个很重要的东西,RetryAndFollowUpInterceptor,又看到了一个Interceptor,还记得我们在前面OkHttp的构造中也有一个interceptors和networkInterceptors,看名字也知道他们肯定有什么关系,具体是什么关系我们先买一个伏笔,继续往下看RealCall的同步网络请求execute方法:
RealCall.execute
@Override public Response execute() throws IOException {
synchronized (this) {
if (executed) throw new IllegalStateException("Already Executed");
executed = true;
}
captureCallStackTrace();
eventListener.callStart(this);
try {
client.dispatcher().executed(this);//1
Response result = getResponseWithInterceptorChain();//2
if (result == null) throw new IOException("Canceled");
return result;
} catch (IOException e) {
eventListener.callFailed(this, e);
throw e;
} finally {
client.dispatcher().finished(this);
}
}
到这里,一次同步请求就执行完毕了,不得不感叹OkHttp设计者的强大,API的调用简单明了不说,竟然源码也这么一气呵成。好了,来看看具体是怎么处理的,核心代码在try代码块里面的两行
1. client.dispatcher().executed(this)
这里的dispatcher()也就是之前着重讲到的那个调度器,来看看它的executed方法:
Dispatcher.executed
synchronized void executed(RealCall call) {
runningSyncCalls.add(call);
}
很简单一句,往运行时队列里面加入这个请求,再顺便看看这个队列吧
/** Running synchronous calls. Includes canceled calls that haven't finished yet. */
private final Deque<RealCall> runningSyncCalls = new ArrayDeque<>();
注释都写的很清楚,就不翻译了
2. Response result = getResponseWithInterceptorChain();
这里又看到了Interceptor相关的东西,到了这里,箭在弦上,不得不发了,终于可以引出OkHttp最核心的拦截器机制了。
Interceptor
先来看看拦截器的定义:
Java里的拦截器是动态拦截Action调用的对象。它提供了一种机制可以使开发者可以定义在一个action执行的前后执行的代码,也可以在一个action执行前阻止其执行,同时也提供了一种可以提取action中可重用部分的方式。
在AOP(Aspect-Oriented Programming)中拦截器用于在某个方法或字段被访问之前,进行拦截然后在之前或之后加入某些操作。
在OkHttp中,拦截器就是在请求的各个阶段进行一些处理,然后再传递下去继续执行。那OkHttp的拦截器到底是怎么一回事,先回到刚才的那个getResponseWithInterceptorChain方法看看:
RealCall.getResponseWithInterceptorChain
Response getResponseWithInterceptorChain() throws IOException {
// Build a full stack of interceptors.
List<Interceptor> interceptors = new ArrayList<>();
interceptors.addAll(client.interceptors());
interceptors.add(retryAndFollowUpInterceptor);
interceptors.add(new BridgeInterceptor(client.cookieJar()));
interceptors.add(new CacheInterceptor(client.internalCache()));
interceptors.add(new ConnectInterceptor(client));
if (!forWebSocket) {
interceptors.addAll(client.networkInterceptors());
}
interceptors.add(new CallServerInterceptor(forWebSocket));
Interceptor.Chain chain = new RealInterceptorChain(interceptors, null, null, null, 0,
originalRequest, this, eventListener, client.connectTimeoutMillis(),
client.readTimeoutMillis(), client.writeTimeoutMillis());
return chain.proceed(originalRequest);
}
题目揭晓
在这里看到了,interceptors其实是一个数组,在OkHttp构造里面也初始化了这个数组和networkInterceptors,那这两个数组到底有什么区别呢?感觉篇幅有点多了,下一篇我们来解开它的答案