这篇文章是关于心智的，是费曼学习公式那篇文章文末提到的成长型思维和固定型人格的思维，文章来源于Farnam Street.
目录：

1.关于Dweck教授的研究

2.两种心智：固定型和成长型

3.心智决定了我们对努力的看法

4.成长型心智让人坚毅

4.改变夸奖方法培育孩子的成长型心智

1.关于Dweck教授的研究

Carol Dweck: A Summary of The Two Mindsets And The Power of Believing That You Can Improve

两种心智的摘要，相信你可以不断成长的力量

Carol Dweck studies human motivation. She spends her days diving into why people succeed (or don’t) and what’s within our control to foster success.

Carol Dweck教授研究人类动机。她贡献了一生深入研究人们为什么成功（或为什么不成功）以及我们可以控制的孕育成功的因素。

As she describes it: “My work bridges developmental psychology, social psychology, and personality psychology, and examines the self-conceptions (or mindsets) people use to structure the self and guide their behavior. My research looks at the origins of these mindsets, their role in motivation and self-regulation, and their impact on achievement and interpersonal processes.”

正如她描述的：“我的工作涵盖了发展心理学、社会心理学、人格心理学，以及测试人们用来构建自我及引导行为的人格。我的研究关注于这些心智的本源，它们在动机及自律方面的作用，它们在个人成就及人际关系方面的影响。“

Her inquiry into our beliefs is synthesized in Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. The book takes us on a journey into how our conscious and unconscious thoughts affect us and how something as simple as wording can have a powerful impact on our ability to improve.

她的关于我们信念的优秀都在《Mindset：The New Psychology of Success》一书里。这本书将告诉我们：我们的有意识及潜意识的想法是如何影响我们的，像言语一样简单的事情是如何对于提升我们的能力有巨大影响的。

Dweck’s work shows the power of our most basic beliefs. Whether conscious or subconscious, they strongly “affect what we want and whether we succeed in getting it.” Much of what we think we understand of our personality comes from our “mindset.” This both propels us and prevents us from fulfilling our potential.

Dweck的工作向我们展示我们最基础的信念的力量。无论是有意识的还是无意识的，他们都强烈的影响着我们的愿望以及我们是否能实现它。“大多数我们对于人格的理解来源于我们的”心智“。这两种心智都推动或阻止我们发掘我们的潜力。

In Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Dweck writes:
在《 Mindset: The New Psychology of Success》一书里，Dweck写道：

What are the consequences of thinking that your intelligence or personality is something you can develop, as opposed to something that is a fixed, deep-seated trait?

当你相信智力或者人格是你可以发展时，这种信念的作用是什么？相反的，当你相信它们是固定的，又有什么影响呢？

2.两种心智

The Two Mindsets

Carol Dweck Two Mindsets
Your view of yourself can determine everything. If you believe that your qualities are unchangeable — the fixed mindset — you will want to prove yourself correct over and over rather than learning from your mistakes.

所有的事情都取决于你对自己的看法。如果你相信品质是固定的—-固定型心智—-你将会一遍又一遍的证明自己正确而不是从错误中学习。
In Mindset, Dweck writes:

If you have only a certain amount of intelligence, a certain personality, and a certain moral character— well, then you’d better prove that you have a healthy dose of them. It simply wouldn’t do to look or feel deficient in these most basic characteristics.

如果你的智力固定，人格固定，道德也是固定的—-那你最好证明它们都是健康的。这样才不会轻易的看到这些最基础的特质的不足。
[…]
I’ve seen so many people with this one consuming goal of proving themselves— in the classroom, in their careers, and in their relationships. Every situation calls for a confirmation of their intelligence, personality, or character. Every situation is evaluated: Will I succeed or fail? Will I look smart or dumb? Will I be accepted or rejected? Will I feel like a winner or a loser?

我看过太多人，都强烈地想证明自己，无论是在教室、职业生涯还是他们的婚姻里。生活中每个场景是在确认他们的智力、人格、品质。每个情景都被评价：我会成功还是失败？我看起来聪明还是愚蠢？我会被接受还是被拒绝？我是赢家还是输家？

These things are culturally desirable. We value intelligence, personality, and character. It’s normal to want this. But …
In Mindset, Dweck writes:

这些都是人们的愿望。我们看重智力、人格及品质。这样的行为是正常的，但是在《 Mindset》里，Dweck写道：

There’s another mindset in which these traits are not simply a hand you’re dealt and have to live with, always trying to convince yourself and others that you have a royal flush when you’re secretly worried it’s a pair of tens. In this mindset, the hand you’re dealt is just the starting point for development. This growth mindset is based on the belief that your basic qualities are things you can cultivate through your efforts.

另外一种心智，你认为这些品质不单是一手你拥有的且可以交易的牌，当担心它是一对十的时候，努力让别人自己和别人相信你手持同花大顺。在这种心智里，你手里的牌只是发展的起点。成长型心智就是基于这样一个信念—-你的基础能力都是可以通过努力培养的。

Changing our beliefs can have a powerful impact. The growth mindset creates a powerful passion for learning. “Why waste time proving over and over how great you are,” Dweck writes, “when you could be getting better?”

改变观念有巨大的影响。成长型心智给学习创造了无比的激情。Dweck说：“当你可以变得更好的时候，为什么要浪费时间一遍又一遍地证明你是多么伟大？”

Why hide deficiencies instead of overcoming them? Why look for friends or partners who will just shore up your self-esteem instead of ones who will also challenge you to grow? And why seek out the tried and true, instead of experiences that will stretch you? The passion for stretching yourself and sticking to it, even (or especially) when it’s not going well, is the hallmark of the growth mindset. This is the mindset that allows people to thrive during some of the most challenging times in their lives.

为什么要掩饰缺点，而不是克服它们？为什么要找那些增强你自尊的伙伴，而不是挑战你，让你成长的？为什么要脱探索已经尝试过得的，真的，而不是那些充分拓展你的能力的？拥有激情拓展能力，并且坚持吸取，特别是有困难的时候，这些事成长型心智的标志。这种心智让人们在最困难的时刻崛起。

3.心智决定了我们对努力的看法

Our ideas about risk and effort come from our mindset. Some people realize the value of challenging themselves, they want to put in the effort to learn and grow, a great example of this is The Buffett Formula. Others, however, would rather avoid the effort feeling like it doesn’t matter.

我们关于风险和努力的想法都来自于我们的心智。一些人感受到了挑战自我的价值，他们为了学习和成长，付出努力。一个伟大的例子便是巴菲特公式。而其他人，觉得不努力也没什么。
In Mindset, Dweck writes:

We often see books with titles like The Ten Secrets of the World’s Most Successful People crowding the shelves of bookstores, and these books may give many useful tips. But they’re usually a list of unconnected pointers, like “Take more risks !” or “Believe in yourself!” While you’re left admiring people who can do that, it’s never clear how these things fit together or how you could ever become that way. So you’re inspired for a few days, but basically the world’s most successful people still have their secrets.

我们经常看到书店的书架上充满了“世界上最成功人士的10个秘密”这样的书，这些书里可能有有用的建议。但是经常是没有关联的清单，像”冒更多险“或”相信你自己”。当你尊敬的人是那样的，可是它却没说清楚它们之间的联系，或者你如何才能那样。所以刚开始几天，你很受鼓励，然而世界上最成功的人始终有秘密。

Instead, as you begin to understand the fixed and growth mindsets, you will see exactly how one thing leads to another— how a belief that your qualities are carved in stone leads to a host of thoughts and actions, and how a belief that your qualities can be cultivated leads to a host of different thoughts and actions, taking you down an entirely different road.

然而，当你开始明白固定型和成长型心智，你会看清一件事是如何影响另一件事。一个认为品质是固定的想法是如何产生许多的想法和行动，而一个认为品质是可以积累的想法如何产生另外许多不同的想法和行动，引导你走上另一条不同的路。

[…]

Sure, people with the fixed mindset have read the books that say: Success is about being your best self, not about being better than others; failure is an opportunity, not a condemnation ; effort is the key to success. But they can’t put this into practice because their basic mindset— their belief in fixed traits— is telling them something entirely different: that success is about being more gifted than others, that failure does measure you, and that effort is for those who can’t make it on talent.

可以肯定的是，那些固定型心智的人读过这本书，即使书里说：成功是成为最好的自己，而不是比别人好；失败是机会，不是定罪；努力是成功的钥匙。那些固定型心智的人也不会去实践的，因为他们固定的心智——我们相信能力是固定的。他们会翻译成别的话：成功是比别人更有天赋，失败是在判断你，努力是给那些没有天赋的人。

4.成长型心智让人坚毅

The mindset affects creativity too.
心智也影响创造力。

In Mindset, Dweck writes:

The other thing exceptional people seem to have is a special talent for converting life’s setbacks into future successes. Creativity researchers concur. In a poll of 143 creativity researchers, there was wide agreement about the number one ingredient in creative achievement. And it was exactly the kind of perseverance and resilience produced by the growth mindset.

另外一件事是，那些异常优秀的人用一种特殊的天赋，一种能将挫折转化为未来成功的天赋。有创造力的研究者也同意。在一个143人创造性的研究者的投票了，大部分人都同意在创造性的成就里是有一个重要的因素的。那就是成长型心智产生的坚韧不拔。

In fact Dweck takes this stoic approach, writing: “in the growth mindset, failure can be a painful experience. But it doesn’t define you. It’s a problem to be faced, dealt with, and learned from.”

事实上Dweck一直有这种坚韧，写到：“在成长型心智里，失败虽是痛苦的经历，但并不说明你是谁。它是我们可以解决。处理、从中学习的问题。”

We can still learn from our mistakes. The legendary basketball coach John Wooden says that you’re not a failure until you start to assign blame. That’s when you stop learning from your mistakes – you deny them.

我们可以从错误中学习。传奇篮球教练John Wooden说过，如果你开始抱怨，那你就是个失败者。那也是你停止从错误中吸取经验的时候，你逃避失败。

5.改变夸奖方法培育孩子的成长型心智

In this TED talk, Dweck describes “two ways to think about a problem that’s slightly too hard for you to solve.” Operating in this space — just outside of your comfort zone — is the key to improving your performance. It’s also the critical element to deliberate practice. People approach these problems with the two mindsets …. “Are you not smart enough to solve it …. or have you just not solved it yet.”

在2014年的TED演讲里，Dweck解释道：“两种方法来考虑那些对于你来说很难解决的问题.”远离你的舒适区，是提升你成绩的关键。它也是可以练习的关键。人们处理这些问题时有两种心智：“你不够聪明来解决这个问题…或者，你只是还没解决这个而已。”

Speaking to the cultural pressure to raise our kids for now instead of not yet, in the TED talk Dweck says:

谈到文化的压力，我们采用“now”思维培养孩子，而不是“not yet”思维。

The power of yet.
“还没有”的力量。

I heard about a high school in Chicago where students had to pass a certain number of courses to graduate, and if they didn’t pass a course, they got the grade “Not Yet.” And I thought that was fantastic, because if you get a failing grade, you think, I’m nothing, I’m nowhere. But if you get the grade “Not Yet” you understand that you’re on a learning curve. It gives you a path into the future.

我听说一所在芝加哥的高中必须通过一定数量的课程才能毕业，如果他们没有通过，他们会获得“还没有”分数“。我认为那很棒，因为如果你得到一个确定的不及格的分数，你会想，我什么都不是。但是如果你得到”还没有“分数，会觉得还在一个学习曲线，给你一条通向未来的路。

“Not Yet” also gave me insight into a critical event early in my career, a real turning point. I wanted to see how children coped with challenge and difficulty, so I gave 10-year-olds problems that were slightly too hard for them. Some of them reacted in a shockingly positive way. They said things like, “I love a challenge,” or, “You know, I was hoping this would be informative.” They understood that their abilities could be developed. They had what I call a growth mindset. But other students felt it was tragic, catastrophic. From their more fixed mindset perspective, their intelligence had been up for judgment and they failed. Instead of luxuriating in the power of yet, they were gripped in the tyranny of now.

“还没有”给了我一个灵感，是我早期生涯的转折点。我想知道孩子们是如何处理挑战和困难的，所以我给了他们对他们稍微难的问题。一些人相当处理的相当积极，他们认为“我喜欢挑战”，或者“你知道，我想这会提供有用的信息”。他们明白能力是逐渐发展的。他们拥有我所说的成长型心智。但是另外一些学生觉得那是灾难。从他们更固定的心智的观点来说，他们的智力到达了评判点，他们失败了。与享受“还没有”的力量相反，他们被“现在”的力量牢牢抓住。

So what do they do next? I’ll tell you what they do next. In one study, they told us they would probably cheat the next time instead of studying more if they failed a test. In another study, after a failure, they looked for someone who did worse than they did so they could feel really good about themselves. And in study after study, they have run from difficulty. Scientists measured the electrical activity from the brain as students confronted an error. On the left, you see the fixed mindset students. There’s hardly any activity. They run from the error. They don’t engage with it. But on the right, you have the students with the growth mindset, the idea that abilities can be developed. They engage deeply. Their brain is on fire with yet. They engage deeply. They process the error. They learn from it and they correct it.

那接下来他们会做什么呢？我会告诉你的。在一个研究里，他们告诉我们，如果考试不及格，下次将会作弊而不是努力学习。另一个研究里，经历失败之后，他们会注意那些比他们更差的学生，那样就可以自我感觉良好了。一次又一次的学习后，他们逃避错误。科学家测试了这些学生面对困难是的大脑电活动。左边是那些固定型心智的学生，几乎没什么活动。他们逃避错误，不参与其中。但是右边那些成长型心智的学生，认为能力是可以发展的。我们深入地参与其中。他们的大脑被”还没有“激活了。他们投入地参与其中，他们处理错误，从中学习并纠正错误。

It’s easy to fall into the trap of now. Our kids become obsessed with getting A’s – they dream of the next test to prove themselves instead of dreaming big like Elon Musk. A by-product of this is that we’re making them dependent on the validation that we’re giving them — the gamification of children.

很容易就能掉到“现在”的陷阱里。我们的孩子沉迷于获得好成绩。他们渴望下次的考试证明自己，而不是像Elon Musk那样拥有宏图大志。这样做的副产品是，我们让他们依赖我们给他们的确认。孩子们游戏化了。

What can we do about this? Don’t praise intelligence or talent, praise the work ethic.

针对这个现象，我们该怎么做？不要赞扬他们的天赋或者智力，夸奖他们的努力。

We can praise wisely, not praising intelligence or talent. That has failed. Don’t do that anymore. But praising the process that kids engage in: their effort, their strategies, their focus, their perseverance, their improvement. This process praise creates kids who are hardy and resilient.

我们要机智地夸奖他们，不要夸奖他们的智力或者天赋。那样已经失败了。不要在那样做了。而是夸奖他们参与的过程：他们的努力，他们的策略，专心，他们的坚韧，他们的进步。这样的夸奖让孩子变得努力、坚韧。

How we word things affects confidence, the words ‘yet’ or ‘not yet,’ “give kids greater confidence, give them a path into the future that creates greater persistence.” We can change mindsets.

我们的说话方式影响着我们的自信，“然而”或“还没有”这样的话让孩子更加自信，让他们未来更加坚韧。我们可以改变心智。

In one study, we taught them that every time they push out of their comfort zone to learn something new and difficult, the neurons in their brain can form new, stronger connections, and over time they can get smarter. … students who were not taught this growth mindset continued to show declining grades over this difficult school transition, but those who were taught this lesson showed a sharp rebound in their grades. We have shown this now, this kind of improvement, with thousands and thousands of kids, especially struggling students.

在一个研究里，我们教育学生，每次他们远离舒适区，学习一些新的、难的知识，大脑里的神经与可以形成新的、更强的连接，逐渐的，他们会更加聪明。而没有被告诉这种成长型心智的人，在向困难的学科过渡的时候，成绩逐渐下降。而被教育过的学生的成绩大幅度提升。我们知道，成千上万的学生，尤其是那些在针扎的学习，都有了这样的提升。

Mindset: The New Psychology of Success is a must read for anyone looking to explore our mindset and how we can influence it to be a little better. Carol Dweck’s work is simply outstanding.

《Mindset: The New Psychology of Success》对于那些想要探索心智，以及我们如何改变它而变得更好的人，是一本必读书籍。 Carol Dweck的研究非常优秀的。

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