2012年上半年上午卷

At a basic level, cloud computing is simply a means of delivering IT resources as (71) . Almost all IT resources can be delivered as a cloud service: applications, compute power, storage capacity, networking, Programming tools, even communication services and collaboration (72) . Cloud computing began as large-scale Internet service providers such as Google Amazon, and others built out their infrastructure. An architecture emerged: massively scaled, (73) system resources, abstracted as virtual IT services and managed as continuously configured, pooled resources. In this zrchitecture, the data s mostly resident on (74) "somewhere on the Internet" and the application runs on both the "cloud servers" and the user's browser. Both clouds and grids are built to scale horizontally very efficiently. Both are built to withstand failures of (75) elements or nodes. Both are charged on a per-use basis. But while grids typically process batch jobs, with a defined start and end point, cloud services can be continuous. What's more, clouds expand the types of resources available-file storage, databases, and Web services-and extend the applicability to Web and enterprise applicaions.

在基础层面，云计算只是将IT资源作为（71）服务提供的一种手段。几乎所有IT资源都可以作为云服务提供：应用程序，计算能力，存储容量，网络，编程工具，甚至通信服务和协作（72）工具。云计算始于大型互联网服务提供商，如谷歌亚马逊，以及其他人建立他们的基础设施。出现了一种体系结构：大规模扩展，（73）分布式系统资源，抽象为虚拟IT服务，并作为连续配置的池化资源进行管理。在这种体系结构中，数据主要驻留在（74）服务器上“Internet上的某个地方”，并且应用程序在“云服务器”和用户的浏览器上运行。云和网格都可以非常有效地水平扩展。两者都可以承受（75）单个元件或节点的故障。两者均按使​​用量收费。但是，虽然网格通常处理批处理作业，并且具有定义的起点和终点，但云服务可以是连续的。更重要的是，云扩展了可用资源的类型 - 文件存储，数据库和Web服务 - 并将适用性扩展到Web和企业应用程序。

(71)
hardware 硬件
computers 电脑
服务
software 软件
(72)
computers 电脑
disks 磁盘
machines 机器
工具
(73)
水平
vertically 垂直
inclined 斜
decreasingly 渐减
(74)
clients 客户
middleware 中间件
服务器
hard disk 硬盘
(75)
entire 整个
个人
general 一般
separate 分离

2012年下半年上午卷

Computers will become more advanced and they will also become easier to use. Improved speed recognition will make the operation of a computer easier. Virtual reality, the technology of (71) with a computer using all of the human senses, will also contribute to better human and computer (72) . Other, exotic models of computation are being developed, including biological computing that uses living organisms, molecular computing that uses molecules with particular (73) , and computing that uses DNA, the basic unit of heredity to store data and carry out operations. These are examples of possible future computational platforms that, so far, are limited in abilities or are strictly (74) . Scientists investigate them because of the physical limitations of miniaturizing circuits embedded in silicon. There are also (75) related to heat generated by even the tiniest of transistors.

计算机将变得更先进，它们也将变得更容易使用。 改进的速度识别将使计算机的操作更容易。 虚拟现实，（71）与使用所有人类感官的计算机交互的技术，也将有助于更好的人类和计算机（72）接口。 正在开发其他异乎寻常的计算模型，包括使用生物体的生物计算，使用具有特定（73）特性的分子的分子计算，以及使用DNA的计算，DNA是存储数据和执行操作的遗传的基本单位。 这些是可能的未来计算平台的例子，到目前为止，这些平台的能力有限或严格（74）理论上。 由于嵌入硅中的小型化电路的物理限制，科学家对它们进行了研究。 还有（75）与即使是最微小的晶体管产生的热量有关的限制。

(71)
interact 相互作用
互动
communicate 通信
using 运用
(72)
接口
behavior 行为
similarities 相似之处
comparison 对照
(73)
software 软件
性能
programs 程式
hardware 硬件
(74)
empirical 经验
real 真实
proactical 实际的
理论
(75)
developments 发展
advantages 好处
限制
improvements 改进