> [kubernetes集群三步安装](https://sealyun.com/pro/products/)
# 概述
kubernetes server account的token很容易获取,但是User的token非常麻烦,本文给出一个极简的User token生成方式,让用户可以一个http请求就能获取到。
## token主要用来干啥
官方dashboard登录时需要。 如果通过使用kubeconfig文件登录而文件中又没有token的话会失败,现在大部分文章都介绍使用service account的token来登录dashboard,能通,不过有问题:
第一:绑定角色时要指定类型是service account:
```
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
name: kubernetes-dashboard
labels:
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount # 这里不是User类型
name: kubernetes-dashboard
namespace: kube-system
```
第二:要理解kubeconfig里是解析证书把CN作为用户名的,这时service account即便与CN一样那还是两个账户,绑定角色时还需要绑定两次,有点像把service account给"人"用, 所以把service account的token扔给某个开发人员去用往往不合适,service account token更多时候是给程序用的。
想直接调用https的,没有token就会:
```
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ssl]# curl https://172.31.12.61:6443/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods --insecure
{
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "pods is forbidden: User \"system:anonymous\" cannot list resource \"pods\" in API group \"\" in the namespace \"default\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
"kind": "pods"
},
"code": 403
}
```
因为没有任何认证信息,所以匿名(anonymous)用户没有任何权限
加了token是这样的:
```
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ssl]# curl -H "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IkNnYzRPVEV5TlRVM0VnWm5hWFJvZFdJIn0.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2RleC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo4MDgwIiwic3ViIjoiQ2djNE9URXlOVFUzRWdabmFYUm9kV0kiLCJhdWQiOiJleGFtcGxlLWFwcCIsImV4cCI6MTU1MTA5NzkwNiwiaWF0IjoxNTUwNzM3OTA2LCJlbWFpbCI6ImZodGpvYkBob3RtYWlsLmNvbSIsImVtYWlsX3ZlcmlmaWVkIjp0cnVlLCJncm91cHMiOlsiZGV2Il0sIm5hbWUiOiJmYW51eCJ9.ZqKn461UW0aGtyjyqu2Dc5tiUzC-6eYLag542d3AvklUdZuw8i9XwyaUg_f1OAj0ZsEcOybOe9_PeGMaUYzU0OvlKPY-q2zbQVC-m6u6sQw6ZXx8pi0W8k4wQSJnMaOLddCfurlYufmr8kScDBQlnKapSR0F9mJzvpKkHD-XNshQKWhX3n03g7OfFgb4RuhLjKDNQnoGn7DfBNntibHlF9sPo0jC5JjqTZaGvoGmiRE4PAXwxA-RJifsWDNf_jW8lrDiY4NSO_3O081cia4N1GKht51q9W3eaNMvFDD9hje7abDdZoz9KPi2vc3zvgH7cNv0ExVHKaA0-dwAZgTx4g" -k https://172.31.12.61:6443/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods
{
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "pods is forbidden: User \"https://dex.example.com:8080#fanux\" cannot list resource \"pods\" in API group \"\" in the namespace \"default\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
"kind": "pods"
},
"code": 403
}
```
看,虽然还是403 但是已经有了用户信息,只要给该用户授权就可正常访问了,如何授权下文介绍
## token种类介绍
token的生成方式有很多,主要分成三种:
1. service account token 这个创建service account就有,存在secret里 获取比较简单,但是要区分好 [User 和 service account区别](https://kubernetes.io/docs/reference/access-authn-authz/authentication/#users-in-kubernetes)
2. 普通的token,这种token就是个普通的字符串,一般是自己写一个认证的web hook, k8s认证时调用这个hook 查询token是否有效,比较low
3. 基于openid的jwt(josn web token) 这种token,认证中心把用户信息放在json里,用私钥加密,k8s拿到token后用公钥解密,只要解密成功token就是合法的而且能拿到用户信息,不需要再像认证中心请求
基于openid的jwt是本文介绍的重点。
社区用的比较多的就是[dex](https://github.com/coreos/dex),是一个比较完整的实现,但是对于不熟悉该技术的朋友来说还是有点门槛的,容易绕进去。 而且还存在一些使用不方便的问题。
如依赖复杂,首先得需要一个真正的用户管理程序,如ldap 或者一个auth2服务端,这还可以接受,关键是认证时可能需要依赖浏览器进行跳转授权,这在十分多的场景里就变的十分尴尬,就比如我们的场景压根没有
界面,这样生成token就成了一个大问题。 其次集成到别的系统中时往往用户已经登录过了,所以需要一个二次授权的过程才能拿到token,依赖过重导致系统难以设计。
然而如果不是集成到别的系统中,比如从0开发一个完成的PaaS平台那使用dex还是一个完美的方案。
所以我们实现了一个简单粗暴的方案,完全解放了这个过程, 只care最核心的东西。
# sealyun fist介绍
我们想要啥?
input:
```
{
"User": "fanux",
"Group": ["sealyun", "develop"]
}
```
output:
```
eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IkNnYzRPVEV5TlRVM0VnWm5hWFJvZFdJIn0.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2RleC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo4MDgwIiwic3ViIjoiQ2djNE9URXlOVFUzRWdabmFYUm9kV0kiLCJhdWQiOiJleGFtcGxlLWFwcCIsImV4cCI6MTU1MTA5NzkwNiwiaWF0IjoxNTUwNzM3OTA2LCJlbWFpbCI6ImZodGpvYkBob3RtYWlsLmNvbSIsImVtYWlsX3ZlcmlmaWVkIjp0cnVlLCJncm91cHMiOlsiZGV2Il0sIm5hbWUiOiJmYW51eCJ9.ZqKn461UW0aGtyjyqu2Dc5tiUzC-6eYLag542d3AvklUdZuw8i9XwyaUg_f1OAj0ZsEcOybOe9_PeGMaUYzU0OvlKPY-q2zbQVC-m6u6sQw6ZXx8pi0W8k4wQSJnMaOLddCfurlYufmr8kScDBQlnKapSR0F9mJzvpKkHD-XNshQKWhX3n03g7OfFgb4RuhLjKDNQnoGn7DfBNntibHlF9sPo0jC5JjqTZaGvoGmiRE4PAXwxA-RJifsWDNf_jW8lrDiY4NSO_3O081cia4N1GKht51q9W3eaNMvFDD9hje7abDdZoz9KPi2vc3zvgH7cNv0ExVHKaA0-dwAZgTx4g
```
结束,多简单,别整那么多没用的。
所以为了实现上面的功能,我们开发了 [fist](https://github.com/fanux/fist), fist的auth模块把dex里最核心的token生成功能以及jwt功能实现了。
# sealyun fist/auth 使用教程
## 安装部署
> 生成证书
```
# mkdir /etc/kubernetes/pki/fist
# cd /etc/kubernetes/pki/fist
# sh gencert.sh # 脚本内容内代码
```
> 启动fist auth模块
```
kubectl create -f deploy/fist-auth.yaml
```
> 修改k8s apiserver启动参数
```
vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml
```
```
- command:
- kube-apiserver
- --oidc-issuer-url=https://fist.sealyun.svc.cluster.local:8080
- --oidc-client-id=example-app
- --oidc-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/fist/ca.pem
- --oidc-username-claim=name
- --oidc-groups-claim=groups
```
## 获取及使用 token
> 获取token
```
curl https://fist.sealyun.svc.cluster.local:8080/token?user=fanux&group=sealyun,develop --cacert ca.pem
```
> 使用token
直接curl加bare token 见上文
加入到kubeconfig中:
```
kubectl config set-credentials --token=eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IkNnYzRPVEV5TlRVM0VnWm5hWFJvZFdJIn0.eyJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2RleC5leGFtcGxlLmNvbTo4MDgwIiwic3ViIjoiQ2djNE9URXlOVFUzRWdabmFYUm9kV0kiLCJhdWQiOiJleGFtcGxlLWFwcCIsImV4cCI6MTU1MTEwMDI5MywiaWF0IjoxNTUwNzQwMjkzLCJlbWFpbCI6ImZodGpvYkBob3RtYWlsLmNvbSIsImVtYWlsX3ZlcmlmaWVkIjp0cnVlLCJncm91cHMiOlsiZGV2Il0sIm5hbWUiOiJmYW51eCJ9.OAK4oIYqJszm1EACYW2neXTo738RW9kXFOIN5bOT4Z2CeKAvYqyOVKCWZf04xX45jwT78mATR3uas2YvRooDXlvxaD3K43ls4KBSG-Ofp-ynqlcVTpD3sUDqyux2iieNv4N6IyCv11smrU0lIlkrQC6oyxzTGae1FrJVGc5rHNsIRZHp2WrQvw83uLn_elHgUfSlsOq0cPtVONaAQWMAMi2DX-y5GCNpn1CDvudGJihqsTciPx7bj0AOXyiOznWhV186Ybk-Rgqn8h0eBaQhFMyNpwVt6oIP5pvJQs0uoODeRv6P3I3-AjKyuCllh9KDtlCVvSP4WtMUTfHQN4BigQ kubernetes-admin
```
然后.kube/config 文件里的 user.client-certifacate-data 和 client-key-data就可以删了,再执行kubectl会:
```
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ~]# kubectl get pod
Error from server (Forbidden): pods is forbidden: User "https://dex.example.com:8080#fanux" cannot list resource "pods" in API group "" in the namespace "default"
```
说明新用户成功了
> 授权
```
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ~]# cat rolebind.yaml
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: read-secrets-global
subjects:
- kind: User
name: "https://dex.example.com:8080#fanux" # Name is case sensitive
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: cluster-admin # 超级用户给他
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
```
创建个role binding即可:
```
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ~]# kubectl --kubeconfig /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf create -f rolebind.yaml # 用管理员的kubeconfig
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/read-secrets-global created
[root@iZj6cegflzze2l7fpcqoerZ ~]# kubectl get pod # 有权限访问pod了
No resources found.
```
# 原理介绍
## jwt原理
```
https://fist.sealyun.cluster.local:8080
k8s jwt server
| /.well-known/openid-configuration |
|------------------------------------------------>| k8s通过此url发现一些信息,最重要的就是用于校验token公钥的地址
| discover info |
|<------------------------------------------------|
| /keys |
|------------------------------------------------>| 上一步拿到地址,这一步获取到公钥
| public keys |
|<------------------------------------------------|
| |
```
discoer info 是个json:
```
{
"issuer": "https://accounts.google.com",
"authorization_endpoint": "https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth",
"token_endpoint": "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token",
"userinfo_endpoint": "https://openidconnect.googleapis.com/v1/userinfo",
"revocation_endpoint": "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/revoke",
"jwks_uri": "https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs",
"response_types_supported": [
"code",
"token",
"id_token",
"code token",
"code id_token",
"token id_token",
"code token id_token",
"none"
],
...
```
public keys也是个json 类似:
```
{
"keys": [
{
"e": "AQAB",
"kty": "RSA",
"alg": "RS256",
"n": "3MdFK4pXPvehMipDL_COfqn6o9soHgSaq_V1o8U_5gTZ-j9DxO9PV7BVncXBgHFctnp3JQ1QTDF7txeHeuLOS4KziRw5r4ohaj2WoOTqXh7lqVMR2YDAcBK46asS177NpkQ1CqHIsy3kNfqhXLwTaKfdlwdA_XUfRbKORWbq0kDxV35egx35nHl5qJ6aP6fcpsnnPvHf7KWO0zkdvwuR-IX79HjqUAEg5UERd5FK4y06PRbxuXHjAgVhHu_sk4reNXNp1HRuTYtQ26DFbVaIjsWb8-nQC8-7FkTjlw9FteAwLVGOm9sTLFp73jAf0pWLh7sJ02pBxZKjsxLO1Lvg7w",
"use": "sig",
"kid": "7c309e3a1c1999cb0404ab7125ee40b7cdbcaf7d"
},
{
"alg": "RS256",
"n": "2K7epoJWl_B68lRUi1txaa0kEuIK4WHiHpi1yC4kPyu48d046yLlrwuvbQMbog2YTOZdVoG1D4zlWKHuVY00O80U1ocFmBl3fKVrUMakvHru0C0mAcEUQo7ItyEX7rpOVYtxlrVk6G8PY4EK61EB-Xe35P0zb2AMZn7Tvm9-tLcccqYlrYBO4SWOwd5uBSqc_WcNJXgnQ-9sYEZ0JUMhKZelEMrpX72hslmduiz-LMsXCnbS7jDGcUuSjHXVLM9tb1SQynx5Xz9xyGeN4rQLnFIKvgwpiqnvLpbMo6grhJwrz67d1X6MwpKtAcqZ2V2v4rQsjbblNH7GzF8ZsfOaqw",
"use": "sig",
"kid": "7d680d8c70d44e947133cbd499ebc1a61c3d5abc",
"e": "AQAB",
"kty": "RSA"
}
]
}
```
所以fist只需要实现这两个url 和 用私钥匙加密用户信息生成token即可。
创建密钥对:
```
key, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("gen rsa key: %v", err)
}
priv = jose.JSONWebKey{
Key: key,
KeyID: "Cgc4OTEyNTU3EgZnaXRodWI",
Algorithm: "RS256",
Use: "sig",
}
pub = jose.JSONWebKey{
Key: key.Public(),
KeyID: "Cgc4OTEyNTU3EgZnaXRodWI",
Algorithm: "RS256",
Use: "sig",
}
```
私钥加密:
```
tok := idTokenClaims{
Issuer: "https://dex.example.com:8080",
Subject: "Cgc4OTEyNTU3EgZnaXRodWI",
Audience: "example-app",
Expiry: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 100).Unix(),
IssuedAt: time.Now().Unix(),
Email: "fhtjob@hotmail.com",
EmailVerified: &ev,
Groups: []string{"dev"},
Name: "fanux",
}
payload, err := json.Marshal(&tok)
if err != nil {
return
}
var idToken string
if idToken, err = signPayload(&Priv, signingAlg, payload); err != nil {
return
```
# 总结
fist核心代码已经可用,不过为了更方便使用还需要进一步梳理,敬请期待。 鉴权仅是其其中一个功能,fist定位是一个极简的k8s管理平台。
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