未来的某时间点执行一次某任务:at, batch
周期性运行某任务:crontab
执行结果:会通过邮件发送给用户
检查邮件服务是否开启(25端口)
[root@promote ~]# netstat -tnlp
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 6970/sshd
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 7270/master
tcp6 0 0 :::22 :::* LISTEN 6970/sshd
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN 7270/master
[root@promote ~]# ss -tnl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::*
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::*
本地电子邮件服务:
smtp:simple mail transmission protocol
pop3:Post Office Procotol
imap4:Internet Mail Access Procotol
mail命令:
mailx - send and receive Internet mail(CentOS7)
MUA:Mail User Agent, 用户收发邮件的工具程序
mailx [-s 'SUBJECT'] username[@hostname]
邮件正文的生成:
(1) 交互式输入;. 单独成行可以表示正文结束;Ctrl+d提交亦可;
[root@promote ~]# mail -s 'hello centos' centos
how are you
.
EOT
[root@promote ~]# su - centos
[centos@promote ~]$ mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/centos": 1 message 1 new
>N 1 root Sun Apr 14 19:00 18/638 "hello centos"
& 1
Message 1:
From root@promote.cache-dns.local Sun Apr 14 19:00:11 2019
Return-Path: <root@promote.cache-dns.local>
X-Original-To: centos
Delivered-To: centos@promote.cache-dns.local
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2019 19:00:11 +0800
To: centos@promote.cache-dns.local
Subject: hello centos
User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
From: root@promote.cache-dns.local (root)
Status: R
how are you
& q
Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/centos
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/centos
(2) 通过输入重定向
[centos@promote ~]$ mail -s 'fatab file' root < /etc/fstab
[centos@promote ~]$ exit
logout
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root
[root@promote ~]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new
>N 1 centos@promote.cache Sun Apr 14 19:04 29/1185 "fatab file"
& 1
Message 1:
From centos@promote.cache-dns.local Sun Apr 14 19:04:19 2019
Return-Path: <centos@promote.cache-dns.local>
X-Original-To: root
Delivered-To: root@promote.cache-dns.local
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2019 19:04:19 +0800
To: root@promote.cache-dns.local
Subject: fatab file
User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
From: centos@promote.cache-dns.local
Status: R
#
# /etc/fstab
# Created by anaconda on Sun Apr 14 09:29:51 2019
#
# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'
# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info
#
/dev/mapper/centos_promote-root / xfs defaults 0 0
UUID=273deb66-d03c-457f-8b29-5df019b3e53a /boot xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_promote-home /home xfs defaults 0 0
/dev/mapper/centos_promote-swap swap swap defaults 0 0
& q
Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root
(3) 通过管道
[root@promote ~]# cat /etc/fstab | mail -s 'to you' centos
[root@promote ~]# su - centos
Last login: Sun Apr 14 19:00:31 CST 2019 on pts/1
[centos@promote ~]$ mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/centos": 2 messages 1 new
1 root Sun Apr 14 19:00 19/649 "hello centos"
>N 2 root Sun Apr 14 19:05 29/1185 "to you"
& 2
未来的某时间点执行一次某任务
at命令:
格式:at [OPTION]... TIME
TIME:
HH:MM [YYYY-mm-dd]
noon,midnight, teatime
tomorrow
now+#
UNIT:minutes, hours, days, weeks
[root@promote ~]# at now+1min
at> ls /var
at> <EOT> #crtl+d提交
job 2 at Sun Apr 14 19:19:00 2019
[root@promote ~]# at -l
2 Sun Apr 14 19:19:00 2019 a root
[root@promote ~]# mail
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 2 messages 1 new
1 centos@promote.cache Sun Apr 14 19:04 30/1196 "fatab file"
>N 2 root Sun Apr 14 19:18 14/527 "Output from your job 3"
若未安装at命令,通过以下步骤完成
[root@promote ~]# yum -y install at
[root@promote ~]# chkconfig --level 35 atd on
Note: Forwarding request to 'systemctl enable atd.service'.
[root@promote ~]# service atd start
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start atd.service
at的作业有队列,用单个字母表示,默认都使用a队列
常用选项:
-l:查看作业队列,相当于atq
[root@promote ~]# at -l
2 Sun Apr 14 19:19:00 2019 a root
-f /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE:从指定文件中读取作业任务,而不用再交互式输入
[root@promote ~]# at -f at.tasks now+5min
job 3 at Sun Apr 14 19:32:00 2019
[root@promote ~]# atq
3 Sun Apr 14 19:32:00 2019 a root
-d:删除指定的作业,相当于atrm
[root@promote ~]# at -f at.tasks now+5min
job 9 at Sun Apr 14 20:00:00 2019
[root@promote ~]# at -d 9
[root@promote ~]# at -l
-c:查看指定作业的具体内容
[root@promote ~]# at -f at.tasks now+5min
job 10 at Sun Apr 14 20:02:00 2019
[root@promote ~]# at -c 10
#!/bin/sh
# atrun uid=0 gid=0
# mail root 0
umask 22
XDG_SESSION_ID=7; export XDG_SESSION_ID
HOSTNAME=promote.cache-dns.local; export HOSTNAME
SELINUX_ROLE_REQUESTED=; export SELINUX_ROLE_REQUESTED
SHELL=/bin/bash; export SHELL
ls /etc/fstab
echo 'hello ljw'
marcinDELIMITER72ad1e8e
-q QUEUE:指明队列
注意:作业执行结果是以邮件发送给提交作业的用户
batch命令:
batch会让系统自行选择在系统资源较空闲的时间去执行指定的任务;
周期性任务计划:cron
服务程序:
cronie:主程序包,提供了crond守护进程及相关辅助工具;
确保crond守护进程(daemon)处于运行状态:
CentOS 7:
[root@promote ~]# systemctl status crond.service
● crond.service - Command Scheduler
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/crond.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Sun 2019-04-14 09:37:51 CST; 10h ago
Main PID: 6415 (crond)
CGroup: /system.slice/crond.service
└─6415 /usr/sbin/crond -n
Apr 14 09:37:51 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started Command Scheduler.
Apr 14 09:37:51 localhost.localdomain crond[6415]: (CRON) INFO (RANDOM_DELAY will be scaled with factor 96% if used.)
Apr 14 09:37:54 localhost.localdomain crond[6415]: (CRON) INFO (running with inotify support)
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
CentOS 6:
[root@centos6 ~]# service crond status
crond (pid 2165) is running...
向crond提交作业的方式不同于at,它需要使用专用的配置文件,此文件有固定格式,不建议使用文本编辑器直接编辑此文件;要使用crontab命令;
cron任务分为两类:
系统cron任务:主要用于实现系统自身的维护
手动编辑:/etc/crontab文件
用户cron任务:用户为了完成自己某个特定作业需要而设定的
命令:crontab命令
系统cron的配置格式:/etc/crontab
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * user-name command to be executed
注意:
(1) 每一行定义一个周期性任务,共7个字段;
* * * * * : 定义周期性时间
user-name : 运行任务的用户身份
command to be executed:任务
(2) 此处的环境变量不同于用户登录后获得的环境,因此,建议命令使用绝对路径,或者自定义PATH环境变量;
(3) 执行结果邮件发送给MAILTO指定的用户
用户cron的配置格式:/var/spool/cron/USERNAME
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * command to be executed
注意:
(1) 每行定义一个cron任务,共6个字段;
(2) 此处的环境变量不同于用户登录后获得的环境,因此,建议命令使用绝对路径,或者自定义PATH环境变量;
(3) 邮件发送给当前用户;
时间表示法:
(1) 特定值
给定时间点有效取值范围内的值;
注意:day of week和day of month一般不同时使用;
(2)通配符: *
给定时间点上有效取值范围内的所有值;表“每..”
(3) 离散取值:,
在时间点上使用逗号分隔的多个值;
#,#,#
(4) 连续取值:-
在时间点上使用-连接开头和结束
#-#
(5) 在指定时间点上,定义步长:
/#:#即步长;
注意:
(1) 指定的时间点不能被步长整除时,其意义将不复存在;
(2) 最小时间单位为“分钟”,想完成“秒”级任务,得需要额外借助于其它机制;
定义成每分钟任务:而在利用脚本实现在每分钟之内,循环执行多次;
示例:
(1) 3 * * * *:每小时执行一次;每小时的第3分钟;
(2) 3 4 * * 5:每周执行一次;每周5的4点3分;
(3) 5 6 7 * *:每月执行一次;每月的7号的6点5分;
(4) 7 8 9 10 *:每年执行一次;每年的10月9号8点7分;
(5) 9 8 * * 3,7:每周三和周日;
(6) 0 8,20 * * 3,7:每周三和周日的8点和20点各执行一次
(7) 0 9-18 * * 1-5:工作时间从9点到18点每小时
(8) */5 * * * *:每5分钟执行一次某任务;
(9) */7 * * * *:意义不存在
crontab命令:
格式:crontab [-u user] [-l | -r | -e] [-i]
-e:编辑任务
[centos@promote root]$ crontab -e
*/2 * * * * /bin/echo ;howdy!'
[root@promote ~]# cat /var/spool/cron/centos
*/2 * * * * /bin/echo ;howdy!'
-l:列出所有任务
[centos@promote root]$ crontab -l
*/2 * * * * /bin/echo ;howdy!'
-r:移除所有任务;即删除/var/spool/cron/USERNAME文件
-i:在使用-r选项移除所有任务时提示用户确认
-u user:root用户可为指定用户管理cron任务
[root@promote ~]# crontab -u centos -e
注意:运行结果以邮件通知给当前用户;如果拒绝接收邮件:
(1) COMMAND > /dev/null
(2) COMMAND &> /dev/null
注意:定义COMMAND时,如果命令需要用到%,需要对其转义;但放置于单引号中的%不用转义亦可;
思考:某任务在指定的时间因关机未能执行,下次开机会不会自动执行?
不会!.
如果期望某时间因故未能按时执行,下次开机后无论是否到了相应时间点都要执行一次,可使用anacron实现;
练习:
1、每12小时备份一次/etc目录至/backups目录中,保存文件 名称格式为“etc-yyyy-mm-dd-hh.tar.xz”
[root@localhost ~]# crontab -l
0 */12 * * * tar -JcPf /backup/`date +%y-%m-%d.tar.xz` /etc