Chapter 1 

Introduction to Youth Conditioning and Fitness

第一章    青少年训练和健身介绍

Objectives

目标

Discribe and discuss early efforts associated with the establishment of the youth conditioning and fitness industry

描述和讨论与青少年训练和健身产业建立有关的早期努力

Briefly explain the stages through which the International Youth Conditioning Association was established

简单介绍国际青少年训练联盟成立的背景

Describe the key aspects of youth conditioning and fitness coaching 

描述青少年训练和健身教练的关键方面

Explain the key benefits and philosophical underpinnings of the long-term athletic development model

解释长期运动发展模式的关键益处和哲学支撑

Compare and contrast prevalent contemporary coaching and parenting practices with the long-term athletic development model

将当代普遍的训练和家长教育和长期的运动发展模式作比较

Discuss strategies through which the Youth Fitness Specialist can positively impact prevalent coaching culture

讨论在何种背景下，青少年健身专家可以积极地影响普遍的教练文化

Youth Conditioning and Fitness:A Historical Perspective

青少年训练和健身：一种历史的透视

青少年健身。体育发展。避免童年肥胖项目。我们对当代的特别迎合年轻运动员和顾客的训练和健身项目的可使用的作品关注越多，这些项目就会变得越来越专业和进步。 从兼职的私人训练者和教练（一般在租借的或者公共的空间之外工作）到装备数百万美元训练设备的专业健身教练团队，青少年训练和健身项目的有益性（有效性），并没有变得更好或者更多样化。

然而，青少年训练和健康的附属专业的延伸，既没有被广泛传播，也没有被完善的发展，仅在美国，他就从80年代末的包含在健身产业中的相对小的缝隙市场迅速成长为估计每年40亿美元的市场。国际健康球拍运动俱乐部联合会将青少年健身市场评价为健身市场领域发展第二快的部分，有几项关键指标均表明，未来几年，这个行业还将有持续的增长。直到最近，这个市场的成长也是未被限制的，因为在这方面工作的从业者在教育，训练，哲学方面，差异巨大。想要准备从事这份事业的机会很少。

过去十年，青少年健康和运动表现方面的非凡的发展，主要归功于私人的努力，两个主要的群体是：私人教练和运动教练。另外，服务的需求已经从追求最大化运动能力和运动表现到追求简单的加强健康和生活的总体质量。对于那些对提高运动成绩感兴趣的运动员，家长，运动教练，健身行业已经乐意的义不容辞。从90年代开始，随着那些历史性的仅仅给成人客户提供服务的设施的拥有者和管理者，开始意识到面向年轻人的服务的需求并且开始适应这些需求，工作的机会也随之改善。除了年龄较大的设施开始服务更宽广的客户群，从一开始，几乎所有设施和特许经营权，都会有专注于面向青少年的部分。

普通的和明确的个人训练的健身行业被认为是一个比较新的事业选择，对于那些对从事和寻求对健康的生活方式有帮助的职业的人来说。在美国，早在二十世纪二十年代，产业的先行者和偶像们比如Jack LaLanne，Vic Tanny，和Weide兄弟，他们得益于提升公众对于通过训练改善健康，（运动）表现和外貌的兴趣。

Up until that time,the vast majority of Americans were engaged in a  rigorous existence,working jobs requiring hard physical labor and enjoying relatively few modern conveniences around their homes.As a result, very few actually needed extra exercise to remain fit.

直到那个时候，绝大多数美国人都忙于严峻的生存（环境）中，（他们）从事需要艰苦的体力劳动的工作，在家附近享受相对较少的现代化便利设施。因此，很少有人需要额外的运动才能保持健康。

However,as the very nature of American society changed, so too did the need for personal trainers,with the field growing at an unprecedented rate over the past two decades and simultaneously transforming into a multi-billion dollar industry.With little or no regulation in standards or requirements for  professional practice, personal training preparation programs have also flourished,with estimates of between 100 to 200 different organizations currently offering some form of personal trainer certification.Opportunities for the future appear abundant as well. The field is expected to grow much faster than average over the next decade. Although the popularity of group exercise classes led by personal trainers has grown in recent years, one-on-one instruction with clients is still fundamental to the success of many in the field.

然而，随着美国社会的本质的改变，私人教练员的需求也随之而来，而且过去二十年来，这一领域以前所未有的速度增长，同时也转变成了数十亿美元的产业。（由于）对专业实践的标准或要求几乎没有（统一的）规定，个人培训准备计划蓬勃发展，目前估计有100到200个不同组织，提供某种形式的私人培训师认证。未来的机会也很丰富。 预计未来十年，该领域的增长速度将比平均水平快。 虽然近年来，由私人教练领导的团体运动课程的普及日益增加，但与客户进行的一对一教学仍然是许多人在这个领域成功的基础。

At the same tine, job opportunities for coaches in traditional school settings have dwindled as eroding budgets and an increased emphasis on academic standards has diminished public support for physical education, thereby negatively impacting job opportunities nationwide for physical educators and coachs in and across many state-funded institutions. However, at the same time, this loss of school-based physical activities has resulted in an all-time high demand for specialized coaching instruction in the private sector, thereby shifting the availability of jobs without necessarily decreaing overall opportunities.

与此同时，传统学校教练的就业机会也随着预算的削减而减少，对学术水平的越来越重视减少了公众对体育教育的支持，从而对全国各地的公立教育机构的体育教育者和教练员的就业机会产生不利影响。 但与此同时，这种以学校为本的体育活动的丧失却导致了私营部门专业辅导教学的高度需求，从而改变了工作的可用性，但不一定会减少整体机会。

The field of coaching is presumably as old as the human race, as any attempt by an older, wiser,more experienced,or more proficient individual to help another improve some aspect of performance or preparation could be considered "coaching." In an athlatic environment, the ancient Greeks utilized coaches in the preparation of athletes for competition. Employment in the field most often occours after years and even decades of personal involvement both observing and competing. In the United States, athletic coaches are most often also educators in various academic disciplines. Coaches may engage in individual instruction with athletes; however, most consider coaching to be a highly social field with team-based practices and preparation the norm even in individualized sports such as track & field, gymnastics,and swimming and diving. Although it could be argued that team-based coaching rather than more individualized instruction is more prevalent in the public education system primarily for financial reasons, there is little doubt that developing athletes can benefit tremendously from the lessons of sharing, contributing to an entity larger than self, and playing a role in common success afforded only in a team setting.

教练领域大概与人类一样古老，任何一个更年长的，更聪明的，更有经验的或更熟练的个人尝试帮助另一个人去改善某些方面的表现或准备，这可以被认为是“辅导”。在一个运动员的环境中，古希腊人利用教练（帮助）运动员进行比赛的准备。经过几年甚至几十年的个人参与，该领域的就业中，观察和竞争经常会发生。在美国，运动教练通常也是多个学科的教育工作者。教练可以对运动员进行个人指导；然而，大多数人认为教练是一个高度社会化的领域，以团队为导向，准备规范，即使在田径，体操，游泳和潜水等个性化运动中也是如此。虽然可以认为，基于团队的教练而不是更多的个性化教学在公共教育系统中更为普遍，主要是出于财政原因，但毫无疑问，发展中的运动员，只有在一个团队中，才可以从如下这些课程中大大受益：分享，对一个比自我更大的实体做出贡献（实现更大的自我价值），在共同成功中发挥作用。

At the opposite end of the spectrum, adolescents who are not competitive athletes are similarly in need of the services of quality conditioning and fitness instruction. Rates of moderate obesity [ defined as a body mass index [ BMI ] for age at or above the 95 percentile ], linked in no small measure to a lack of physical activity, has been calculated at 16.9% for children and adolescents aged 2 through 19 years. perhaps even more alarming, mild obesity rates [ BMI at or above the 85th percentile for age] within the same group have been calculated at 31.7%.In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention points out that obesity leads to 300, 000 deaths per year and costs more than $100 billion annually, with only cigarette smoking causing more preventable deaths. This epidemic has resulted in a very real need for competent professionals in the fitness and coaching industries to both help address current health behaviors and hopefully instill lasting changes that can result in long-term wellness.

在频谱的另一端，(那些作为)不具竞争力的运动员的青少年，同样需要有质量的训练和健身指导的服务。中等肥胖率（定义为身体质量指数BMI按年龄分布达到或者超过95%），在很大程度上与缺乏体力活动相关，对于2至19岁的儿童和青少年，其数值为16.9％。也许更令人震惊的是，轻度肥胖率（BMI按年龄分布达到或者高于85%），在同一组内，被计算为31.7％。在美国，疾病控制和预防中心指出，肥胖每年导致300000人死亡，每年（在肥胖问题上的）花费超过1000亿美元，只有吸烟导致更多的可预防的死亡。这种流行病导致了对健身和辅导行业的合格专业人员的真正需要，帮助解决当前的健康行为，并希望灌输持久的变化，从而导致长期的健康。

Likely compounding the problem, concerns over adolescent safety and well-being have all but eliminated the traditional"free play neighborhood"enviromnent enjoyed decades ago. As a result, children frequently spend most of their days indoors with little opportunity and little desire to be physically active. Clearly, if participation rates in competitive athletics continue to climb, yet at the same time nearly one in three children is considered overweight or obese, the need for professionals equipped to condition and train our youth safely, appropriately and effectively has never been greater.

可能（越来越）复杂的问题（是），对青少年安全和福祉的关切，除了消除了几十年前传统的“自由游乐园”环境以外。结果，孩子们经常把大部分时间花费在室内，只有很少的机会和很小的欲望进行身体活动。显然，如果竞争性竞技活动的参与率继续攀升，同时三分之一以上的孩子被认为超重或肥胖，那么对于安全，适当，有效地训练青少年的专业人员的需求从未如此之大。

Enter the IYCA

加入IYCA

In business as in life, perceived need creates opportunity. With parents, athletes, and coaches all hungry for athletic development and youth fitness programming, such services began being offered with increasing regularity in the late 1980's and 1990's. Initially, due to the high overhead costs associated with the typical facilities of the time, such programming tended to be offered almost exclusively in geographic areas with high population density, particularly those with affluent residents who possessed the additional disposable income necessary to pay for such services. While some programs were developed with the unique needs of the growing child in mind, the vast majority were nothing more than watered-down adult programs marketed in new ways. The need for a clarion voice of reason and direction in the field grew ever larger.

在生活中，感知到的需求创造机会。 随着父母，运动员和教练都渴望体育发展和青少年健身计划，这些服务在20世纪80年代末和90年代后期开始得到越来越多的规律性的提供。最初，由于典型的设施拥有很高的时间上的间接管理费用（高空置率），这种计划（项目）倾向于仅在具有高人口密度的地理区域中提供，特别是那些拥有额外的可支配收入以支付这种服务的富裕居民 。虽然一些计划在脑海里是根据不断增长的孩子的独特需求而开发的，绝大多数只不过是以新的方式销售的稀释的成人计划。在这个领域需要一个澄清的理由和方向的声音越来越大。

Burdened by this growing need, the individuals who ultimately founded the International Youth Conditioning Association (IYCA) were hungry young fitness professionals who were active in the field in the late 1990's. During that time, the eventual IYCA founders began to take notice of the steady increase in questions and requests for services for training athletes at progressively younger and younger ages. Plagued by growing malaise over a youth fitness industry headed in what seemed to be the wrong direction, the decision was made to take an active role in developing a governing body for the field to serve as a defining voice and educational hub. With that, the IYCA was born.

由于这种日益增长的需求，那些在20世纪90年代末期在这一领域活跃的年轻的饥渴的健身专业人员，最终成立了国际青少年训练协会（IYCA）。在此期间，IYCA最终的创始人开始注意到对越来越年轻的运动员的培训服务的疑问和要求的稳步增长。由于在一个似乎是错误的方向的青少年健身行业不断增长的困扰，决定在发展这个领域的理事机构中发挥积极作用，（这个机构）作为一个定义的声音和教育中心。因此，IYCA诞生了。

The initial task at hand was to develop a textbook and certification exam to serve as the baseline measure of competence for individuals working in the field. Additionally, the requirement of a criminal background check due to the risks involved in working with youth was an industry-first. By 2005, the first-ever Youth Conditioning Specialist (YCS) was awarded and the organization continued to gain momentum and recognition.

手头的初步任务是制定教科书和认证考试，作为在该领域工作的个人的能力的基准测量。另外，由于与青少年工作有关的风险，对犯罪背景调查的要求是业界首创。到2005年，首届青年训练专家（YCS）获得授予，该组织继续获得势头和认可。

Continued Growth

持续增长

As the organization steadily grew from little more than an idea and a dream to a legitimate professional credentialing organization, so too did the need for increased leadership and direction. In 2006, established fitness business experts Pat Rigsby and Nick Berry were tapped to help build a youth fitness licensing system in which licensees could complete training with the IYCA then ofler IYCA-licensed training programs within their own communities. The idea would eventually grow into what would become the Athletic Revolution fitness franchise, currently the fastest-growing youth-based fitness franchise in the world. At the same time, Rigsby and Berry also became heavily involved in the IYCA, lending much-needed marketing and business systems expertise to both stabilize and further grow the organization.

随着这个组织从一个想法和梦想逐渐成长为一个合法的专业认证组织，它也需要增加领导力和方向。2006年，已成名的健身商业专家Pat Rigsby和Nick Berry，被挖掘来协助建立青少年健身许可证制度，其中许可证持有者在完成IYCA后，可以在他们自己的社区内提供IYCA许可培训计划（的培训）。这个想法最终将成长为运动革命健身专营权，目前是世界上发展最快的青少年健身俱乐部。与此同时，Rigsby和Berry也大量参与IYCA，提供急需的营销和业务系统专业知识，以稳定和进一步发展组织。

Under the leadership of Rigsby and Berry, the organization grew tremendously. The initiai YCS certification was completely revamped into the current four-tier Youth Fitness Specialist (YFS) credential. Chief Information Officer Sara Nylander helped to further develop theorganization's infrastructure and web presence, while Director of Research and Education Toby Brooks was brought on board to oversee and help develop a number of new certifications, resources, and educational materials. As membership grew, the decision was made to host the first-ever IYCA International Summit in Louisville, Kentucky in 2009.

在Rigsby和Berry的领导下，该组织大大增长。最初的YCS认证已经完全改编为目前的四年级青少年健身专家（YFS）认证。首席信息官Sara Nylander帮助进一步发展组织的基础设施和网络，而研究和教育部主管托比·布鲁克斯（Toby Brooks）负责监督和帮助开发一些新的认证，资源和教材。随着会员人数的增加，决定在2009年在肯塔基州路易斯维尔举办首届IYCA国际峰会。

A number of other individuals were also commissioned to help manage the mounting needs of one of the fastest growing certification organizations in the entire fitness industry. To date, the organization has released six total certifications (Youth Fitness Specialist levels 1-3, Youth Speed and Agility Specialist, Youth Nutrition Specialist, and High School Strength and Conditioning Specialist), six courses (Kettlebell, Olympic Lift, and Resistance Band Instructor Courses, Program Design Course, Special Needs Fitness Course, and Kinesiology Crash Course) and a number of other products to help educate those who work in the youth conditioning.

其他一些人也被委托来帮助管理整个健身行业增长最快的认证机构之一的需求。迄今为止，该组织已经发布了六项总体认证（青少年健身专家1-3级，青少年速度和敏捷专家，青年营养专家，高中力量和训练专家），六门课程（壶铃，奥林匹克举重，抗阻力带教练课程，课程设计课程，特殊需求健身课程和运动机能损伤课程）以及其他一些产品，以帮助教育那些在青少年训练领域工作的人。

Certifications

认证

The IYCA currently offers  six total certifications for fitness professionals who have interest in the youth demographic. While no certifications require a college degree, formal education and training in the exercise and behavioral sciences are extremely beneficial. All certifications require a background check as weil as successful completion of a comprehensive exam. Further information is provided once a particular certification is purchased.  In order to remain in good standing, certified IYCA members must  renew their certification (s) according to the published IYCA renewal cycle guidelines. Renewal requires the documented completion of continuing education units and remission of a nominal renewal processing fee.

IYCA目前为对青少年人士感兴趣的健康专业人士提供六个总体认证。虽然没有认证需要大学学位，但在运动和行为科学方面的正规教育和培训是非常有益的。所有认证都需要进行背景调查，并成功完成综合考试。一旦购买了一项特定的认证，就会提供进一步的信息。为了保持良好的信誉，认证IYCA成员必须根据已发布的IYCA更新周期指南更新其认证。更新要求有文件证明其完成继续教育单位，并减免名义上的续签手续费。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level1 (YFS-1) certification is intended as an entry-level exposure to the field of youth conditioning and fitness. The material contained within the course has been developed to assist a total novice in acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary to begin to work in the youth fitness industry. The YFS-1 is considered a gateway credential in that it has become required by a number of fitness businesses and franchises as a condition of employment. At the same time, many youth sports associations and physical education, fitness, and wellness positions either require or strongly suggest the credential for potential job applican ts. No individual may progress to the next level of YFS credential until first successfully completing YFS-1.

青少年健身专家1级（YFS-1）认证旨在作为青少年条件和健身领域的入门级曝光。该课程内容已经被开发出来，以协助新手获得开始在青年健身行业工作所必需的知识和技能。YFS-1被认为是一个门户凭证，因为许多健身商业和特许经营被要求作为就业条件。同时，许多青年体育协会和体育，健身和健康职位要求或强烈地提出潜在求职者的资格。在首次成功完成YFS-1之前，任何人都不会有进入下一级YFS的资格。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level 2 (YFS-2) certification involves additional scientific background as well as practical the same concepts and skills discussed in the YFS-1 certifi cation. Much like the YFS-1, the YFS-2 certification involves a comprehensive textbook, hours of DVD footage and practical examples, additional study resources, and a comprehensive certification examination. The YFS-2 is reserved exclusively for YFS-1 certified professionals seeking to further deepen their knowledge base in youth conditioning and fitness.

青年健身专家二级（YFS-2）认证涉及更多的科学背景以及与YFS-1认证中讨论的相同的概念和技能。 与YFS-1类似，YFS-2认证涉及到全面的教科书，DVD片段的数小时和实际的例子，额外的学习资源和全面的认证考试。 YFS-2专为YFS-1认证专业人士而设，旨在进一步深化青少年条件和健身知识库。

The Youth Fitness Specialist Level 3 (YFS-3) certification involves discussion of additional philosophical and practical underpinnings and includes both the Second Edition of Complete Athlete Development and 3D Training for Sports. The combination of these resources is intended to help the growing professional further develop the ability to conceive and implement highly functional training protocols that require developing athletes to move throughout the full range of motion around all axes and throughout all planes of movement. Only professionals who have successfully completed YFS-1 and YFS-2 are eligible to complete the YFS-3 certification. To date, the YFS-3 represents the most comprehensive and rigorous certification program available for youth fitness professionals.

青少年健身专家3级（YFS-3）认证涉及其他哲学和实践基础的讨论，包括完整运动员发展第二版和体育3D训练。这些资源的组合旨在帮助不断增长的专业人员进一步发展构思和实施高度功能性训练协议的能力，这些培训协议需要开发运动员在整个运动的所有轴线和整个运动平面上运动。 只有成功完成YFS-1和YFS-2的专业人员才有资格完成YFS-3认证。 迄今为止，YFS-3代表了青年健身专业人员最全面，最严格的认证计划。

The IYCA has also developed three specialty certifications, the Youth Speed and Agility Specialist (YSAS), the Youth Nutrition Specialist (YNS), and the High School Strength and Conditioning Specialist (HSSCS). Constructed and delivered in much the same manner as all levels of the Youth Fitness Specialist credentials, these certifications provide additional insight, and both didactic and practical content knowledge to help better equip the fitness professional. Although completion of the YFS through any level (1-3) would most certainly be beneficial in the completion of either specialty certification, it is not currendy required. However, as with all other IYCA certifications, renewal through CEU documentation and remission of processing fees is required.

IYCA还开发了三项专业证书，即青少年速度和敏捷专家（YSAS），青少年营养专家（YNS）和高中力量和训练专家（HSSCS）。构建和交付的方式与所有级别的青少年健身专家证书相同，这些认证提供了更多的见解，以及教学和实践内容知识，以帮助更好地配备健身专业人士。尽管完成任何级别（1-3级）的YFS在完成其它专业认证方面肯定是有益的，但并不是必需的。然而，与所有其他IYCA认证一样，需要通过CEU文件进行更新和处理费用的减免。

Courses

While IYCA certifications represent the pinnacle in youth fitness education and training, the IYCA also offers and regularly releases youth conditioning and fitness-related courses that can be utilized to enhance the knowledgebase while also serving as valuable continuing education credit toward any IYCA-held certification. IYCA courses involve specific information on a relatively smaller scale, but still provide written and multimedia resources and a comprehensive examination to demonstrate competence. Unlike IYCA certifications which are always associated with a professional credential of some type, successful completion of any IYCA course will entitle the professional to an IYCA endorsement. For example, any professional who completes the IYCA Kettlebell Instructor Course will be recognized as an IYCA Endorsed Kettlebell Instructor. While not as comprehensive or rigorous as an IYCA certification, courses are beneficial in providing cutting-edge fitness knowledge at an affordable cost.

虽然IYCA认证是青少年健身教育和培训的巅峰之作，IYCA还提供并定期发布青少年训练和健身相关课程，可用于增强知识库，同时也作为IYCA认证的有价值的继续教育学分。IYCA课程涉及相对较小规模的特定信息，但仍提供书面和多媒体资源，并进行综合考试以伦证才干。与IYCA认证不同，其他认证总是与某种类型的专业（文凭）证书相关的，IYCA课程的成功完成将使专业人员获得IYCA的认可。例如，完成IYCA壶铃教练课程的任何专业人员将被认可为IYCA认可的壶铃教练。虽然不如IYCA认证那样全面或严格，课程有益于以可承受的成本提供尖端的健身知识。

Other Resources

其他资源

In addition to certifications and courses, the IYCA also offers a number of other resources for individuals in the youth conditioning and fitness field. The addition of print-based, web-based, interactive, and traditional video make these resources highly versatile and supremely practical. Additionally, IYCA resources that afford the individual the opportunity to plug in to a vibrant and active community of professionals to share and exchange ideas, read and critique current research, and interact and network with one another can all serve as invaluable tools in becoming a more skilled, competent, and connected professional.

除了认证和课程之外，IYCA还为青少年训练和健身领域的个人提供了一些其他资源。这些附加资源有打印的，基于网络的，互动的和传统的视频，使得这些资源非常多才多艺，非常实用。此外，IYCA资源为个人提供了插入一个充满活力和活跃的专业人士群体的机会，以分享和交流想法，阅读和批评当前的研究以及彼此之间的互动和网络，这些资源都可以成为更多的宝贵工具，在成为一个更熟练，更有才干，联系更紧密的专业人士方面。

Learning with Purpose

带着目的学习

Remaining true to the initial purpose of the IYCA is paramount in any project to develop a new or revised educational product. The IYCA prides itself on developing and marketing comprehensive training materials based on sound science and tested and proven in real-world situations. Furthermore, our commitment to revisiting, revising, updating, and improving each and every item we produce is never ending. In this way, the IYCA philosophy for improvement is no different than what we expect from coaches, parents, and athletes—namely, purposeful and steady pursuit of excellence with a keen eye on continual improvement over time.

在任何开发新的或修订的教育产品的项目中，对于IYCA的初始目的仍然是至关重要的。IYCA自豪于开发和营销基于健全科学的综合培训教材，并在现实世界中经过测试和验证。此外，我们承诺的对于我们生产的每个项目的重新审视，修改，更新和改进都是永远不会结束的。

这样，IYCA的改进哲学与我们对教练，家长和运动员的期望没有什么不同 - 即有意识和稳定地追求卓越，通过敏锐的眼光持续改进。

Long-Term Atheletic Development

长期运动发展

As an advocate and role model for young athletes, the YFS is charged with the responsibility of seeking out and addressing personal and professional weaknesses. Using objective analysis to evaluate existing practice, implement change based upon that evaluation, and subsequently alter practice systematically through continual and purposeful action, the YFS should operate within a paradigm of continual steady improvement. In essence, that philosophy is a perfect example of kaizen.

作为年轻运动员的倡导和榜样，YFS负责寻求和解决个人和专业的弱点。通过客观分析评估现有实践，根据评估实施变革，随后通过持续有目的的行动系统地改变实践，YFS应在持续稳定改进的范式内运作。实质上，这个哲学是kaizen的一个很好的例子。

First introduced and utilized by several Japanese businesses following World War II, kaizen is a long-term approach toward improvement in which the individual or organization actively pursues excellence in small, manageable increments while eliminating waste through empowerment.  The approach has since been successfully implemented in quality control and process management teams in the manufacturing industries for decades. However, more recently, the kaizen philosophy has been further applied to individuals seeking personal improvement and empowered living. In particular, the long-term athletic development model (LTAD) is essentially the kaizen philosophy applied specifically to the process of systematically training athletes over time.

Kaizen是第二次世界大战后由几家日本企业首次引进和利用的，Kaizen是一种长期的改进方式，个人或组织通过小的，可管理的增量来积极追求卓越，同时，通过（合理）授权来消除浪费。该方法已经在制造业的质量控制和过程管理团队中成功实施了数十年。然而，最近，kaizen哲学已经进一步应用于寻求个人改善和更自主的生活个人。特别是，长期的运动发展模式（LTAD），本质上是kaizen哲学在系统地逐渐地训练运动员的过程上的特殊运用。

In an interesting twist, the kaizen philosophy does not apply exclusively to the developing athlete. Instead, both the coach and the athlete can benefit from this continual improvement process. Famed college basketball coach John Wooden, while not typically specifically mentioned as a kaizen proponent, often cited the value of kaizen-type sentiments. Wooden's developmental approach to coaching is evident throughout his writings. In one of his many books published regarding coaching philosophy, Wooden noted : ·

"When you improve a little each day, eventually big things occur. When you improve conditioning a little each day, eventualy you have a big improvement in conditioning. Not tomorrow, not the next day, but eventually a big gain is made. Don't look for the big, quick improvement. Seek small improvements one day at a time. That's the only way it happens-and when it happens, it lasts."

有趣的是，kaizen哲学并不适用于发展中的运动员。相反，教练和运动员都可以从这种持续的改进过程中受益。著名的大学篮球教练约翰·伍德（John Wooden）虽然通常不被特别提及作为kaizen的支持者，但经常会引用kaizen型观点的价值。在他的著作中，Wooden的发展教练方式的方法是显而易见的。在他出版的关于教练哲学的许多著作之中，有一本里面，Wooden这样写道：

“每天改善一点，最终会发生大的事情。当你每天都改进一点训练，最后你会在训练上有很大的改善。但是，不是明天，也不是第二天，但最终（你会）获得巨大的收获。不要去寻找一个很大的，快速的改进。每天一次，寻求小的改进。这是它发生的唯一方式 -一旦它 发生了，它会持续下去。”

Of particuIar importance, Wooden highlighted not merely the effectiveness of the approach in the present, but also the enduring nature of such improvements over time. By ascribing to a kaizen coaching philosophy, the YFS recognizes that attempting to maximize opportunities for short-term success oftentimes undermines favorable long-term outcomes. Conversely, improvements made and lessons learned through a more gradual and systematic long-term developmental model have consistently been associated with reduced injury rate, more favorable athlete perception of the sport, and generally improved measures of athletic and physical performance.

具有特别重要意义的是，Wooden不仅突出了现行方法的有效性，而且强调随着时间的推移，这种改进的持久性。通过归因于kaizen教练哲学，YFS认识到，试图最大限度地发挥短期成功的机会往往会破坏有利的长期成果。

相反，通过更渐进和系统的长期发展模式，不断改进和总结经验教训（的方式），一直与减少伤害率，更有利于运动员对体育运动的了解，以及普遍的改善运动和身体表现的水平相联系。

Divergent Beliefs

不同的信仰

Many youth sport coaches erroneously embrace the notion that the pressures to succeed in the present and the immediate future overshadow what is likely best for the athlete in perpetuity. Winning today's game or this weekend's tournament becomes paramount, regardless of the actual importance of the event or its positioning in light of the LTAD model. In this case, coaching styles are very much reflective of the need to win. Perfectionist-based epistemologies are employed during practice and game settings. When performance is not reflective of the level of skill or perfection that the coach desires, yelling, belitting, and negative criticism often follow.

许多青少年体育教练错误地接受了这样的观点，压力对于现在和近期的成功（至关重要）。（这会）永远地给有可能对运动员最好的方式，蒙上阴影。赢得今天的比赛或本周末的比赛变得至关重要，无论事件的实际重要性还是根据LTAD模式进行定位。在这种情况下，为了赢得比赛，教练的风格非常反映（简单粗暴）。基于完美主义的认识论被运用到实践和游戏设置中。 当表现不能反映教练所要求的技能或完美程度时，经常会出现大喊大叫，贬损和负面批评。

Perhaps even more devastating to the developing athlete, many parents ascribe to the same errant thought process. Demonstrating advanced skills and achieving success at all developmental levels are conceived as the most important factors for participating in youth sports. Some parents offer negative feedback, harsh criticisms, or inappropriate comments during the game. The message sent to the young athlete is clear : success now is most important. What is more, continued success is the only defense from the negative feedback that can undermine confidence, self-esteem, and ultimately perception of self-worth.

对于发展中的运动员来说，甚至更为毁灭性的是，许多父母也认同了同样的错误思维过程。在所有发展水平上展现精湛的技能并且取得成功，被认为是参加青少年体育运动最重要的因素。一些家长在比赛中提供负面的反馈，严厉的批评或不适当的评论。发送给年轻运动员的信息是明确的：现在的成功是最重要的。更重要的是，持续的成功是对那些能够消除自信，自尊并最终消除自我价值观的消极反馈的唯一（有效的）防范。

Trainers and training centers dedicated to working with young athletes may often fall within this category, as well. Although the efforts of the IYCA and like-minded organizations and professionals have started to turn the tide against such ridiculous notions, some persist in the use of marketing strategies for training services geared toward young athletes built around the idea that improvements in speed, strength and jumping capacity will be both dramatic and immediate. However, under this model, only perfect or near perfect performance is deemed worthy of praise, while anything short of the desired outcome is met with powerful negative feedback. The sad reality is that for all but the best athletes, sport participation may often lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, eventuatly leading many to voluntarily withdraw from participation as a way of avoiding further erosion of self-worth.

致力于与青少年运动员合作的培训师和培训中心也可能属于这一类别。虽然IYCA和志同道志的组织和专业人士的努力已经开始扭转这种可笑的概念，但是，有些人仍然坚持使用针对年轻运动员的培训服务的营销策略，（这种策略）围绕着提高速度，力量和跳跃能力将是戏剧性的和立即的。然而，在这种模式下，只有完美或接近完美的表现被认为是值得赞扬的，而任何没能满足预期的结果，都将面对强大的负面反馈。可悲的现实是，除了最好的运动员之外，体育参与可能常常导致功能不健全的感觉和自尊心低下，导致许多人自愿退出参与，作为避免进一步侵蚀自我价值的一种方式。

Conversely, young athletes functioning under the auspices of a coach who ascribes to the LTAD model are taught to search for continual improvement rather than immediate performance as the principal marker of athletic success. This mentality encourages the young athlete to develop a far more useful and powerful approach to success and personal improvement—both athletic and otherwise—that may be utilized across the lifespan.

相反，在由主教练组成的LTAD模式的基础上运作的年轻运动员被教导寻求持续改进，而不是立即表现作为运动成功的主要标志。这种心态鼓励年轻运动员开发一种更为有用的强大的方法去获得成功和个人改进，包括运动能力和其他方面—可以在整个生命周期中得到利用。

With this approach firmly developed and well entrenched, the individual is motivated to improve rather than motivated to perform. While subtle, the influence in thinking of such a difference is profound. Reasoning and creativity are enhanced. Problem-solving skills are better developed. Perhaps most importantly, self-worth is preserved due to the fact that "success"is an ability demonstrated over time rather than an instantaneous or momentary expression of skill linked directly to any one specific performance.

随着这种方式的发展和根深蒂固，个人的动机是提高而不是表现。虽然微妙，思考这种差异的影响是深刻的。推理和创造力得到提升。解决问题的技能得到更好的发展。也许最重要的是，自我价值得以保留，因为“成功”是一个随着时间被证明的能力，而不是直接与任何一个具体表现直接相关的瞬间或瞬间表现。

Also encouraging is that fact that enhanced reasoning and creative abilities enable the young athlete to solve new and more challenging sport-related tasks over time, thereby further increasing ability. Because such athletes associate success with improvement rather than performance, burnout and dropout issues that currently plague youth sport culture may be averted. Ultimately, such an approach can teach the young athlete to love physical activity simply because refining movement skills and developing physically is intrinsically linked to holistic self-improvement and may be viewed as a series of steps toward success rather than the more typical model of physical activity as a measuring stick in and of itself in determining aptitude.

令人鼓舞的是，增强的推理能力和创造力使得年轻运动员能够随着时间的推移解决新的更具挑战性的运动相关任务，从而进一步提高能力。因为这样的运动员把成功与改进相提并论，而是表现，可能会避免目前困扰青年体育文化的倦怠和辍学问题。最终，这样一种方法可以教导年轻运动员爱体育活动，只因为提炼运动技能和身体发育与整体自我完善有着内在联系，可能被视为成功的一系列步骤，而不是较典型的仅仅是一种身体活动，即作为测量的标尺，本身在决定能力。

Youth sports and training for youth sports have largely become exercises of pressure and fear. Repercussions for poor performance or lack of aptitude or skill are oftentimes severe. Many young athletes today have lost the joy and innocence of what sport and fitness participation truly are, and the stark reality is that they never fully develop a lifelong love for movement.

青少年体育运动训练在很大程度上成为压力和恐惧的运动。对表现不佳或缺乏能力或技能的反击常常是严重的。今天的许多年轻运动员都失去了体育和健身参与真正的乐趣和纯真，而严峻的现实是，他们从来没有完全发展终身的运动爱好。

Agents ot Change

代理变更

Although the IYCA has certainly grown and changed dramatically since its initial establishment less than a decade ago, the message and the mission remain the same. By educating and equipping committed and competent fitness professionals for the unique yet highly rewarding field of youth conditioning and fitness, we are striving to improve a profession. However, even more importantly, the IYCA is attempting to positively impact the healthy living habits and behaviors of tomorrow's generation. We believe that developmentally-sound, purposeful, and fun movement exposures provided through conditioning, fitness, and sports are critical building blocks in optimally developing from the formative years and well into adulthood.

虽然IYCA自十年前的初期成立以来一直发展壮大，但其要旨和使命仍然保持不变。通过教育和配备专业健身专业人士，为青年条件和健身的独特而高度奖励的领域，我们正在努力改善职业。 然而，更重要的是，IYCA正试图积极地影响未来一代的健康生活习惯和行为。 我们相信，通过调理，健身和运动提供的发展良好，有目的，有趣的运动曝光是从形成年龄和成年期到最佳发展的关键基础。

The IYCA was established and continues to work diligently to recapture the innocence of play and fitness for children and teenagers worldwide. This mission has driven us to develop cutting-edge resources that have been produced, tested, and proven by some of the industry's best and brightest minds. Through these resources and other educational and experiential offerings, the ultimate goal is to positively impact the lives of children and young adults now and in the future, fostering a lifelong love for movement, physical activity, and all the benefits of healthy living that follow.

IYCA从成立至今，一直在持续努力，重新夺回全球儿童和青少年的玩乐和健身的纯真。这一使命促使我们开发出最先进的资源，这些资源已经被业内最好和最聪明的人士所制作，测试和证明。通过这些资源和其他教育和体验活动，最终的目标是积极影响现在和未来的儿童和青少年的生活，培养他们对于运动，身体活动以及健康生活所带来的所有好处的终身爱好。

This resource and accompanying materials mark the first step in the journey to learn both the science and the practice of youth conditioning and fitness. This resource and accompanying materials will serve as the first step in your IYCA preparation in general and the YFS progression specifically. Included within this program is a comprehensive didactic component which includes a proven approach to refining coaching behaviors, teaching and coaching youth conditioning and fitness, and successfully implementing such programming into a system designed specifically for young athletes. Additionally, the course is rich in practical application and examples, as well. We invite every person with the desire to positively impact the field of youth fitness and athletic development to join our cause and become part of the worldwide revolution.

这个资源和随付的材料标志着学习青年训练和健身的科学和实践的旅程的第一步。该资源和随附的材料将作为您的IYCA准备工作的第一步，特别是YFS的进展。包括在这个计划中是一个全面的教学组成部分，包括一个经过验证的方法来提炼教练行为，教学和指导青少年训练和健身，并成功将这样的计划实施到专门为年轻运动员设计的系统中。此外，课程内容在实践应用和实例方便十分丰富。我们邀请每个有意愿对青少年健身和运动发展领域做出积极影响的人，加入我们的事业，成为全球革命的一部分。