前言
在我们用 springboot 搭建项目的时候,有时候会碰到在项目启动时初始化一些操作的需求 ,针对这种需求 spring boot为我们提供了以下几种方案供我们选择:
- ApplicationRunner 与 CommandLineRunner 接口
- Spring容器初始化时InitializingBean接口和@PostConstruct
- Spring的事件机制
ApplicationRunner与CommandLineRunner
我们可以实现 ApplicationRunner 或 CommandLineRunner 接口, 这两个接口工作方式相同,都只提供单一的run方法,该方法在SpringApplication.run(…)完成之前调用,我们先来看看这两个接口
@FunctionalInterface
public interface CommandLineRunner {
/**
* Callback used to run the bean.
* @param args incoming main method arguments
* @throws Exception on error
*/
void run(String... args) throws Exception;
}
@FunctionalInterface
public interface ApplicationRunner {
/**
* Callback used to run the bean.
* @param args incoming application arguments
* @throws Exception on error
*/
void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception;
}
都只提供单一的run方法,接下来我们来看看具体的使用
ApplicationRunner
构造一个类实现ApplicationRunner接口
@Component
@Order(1)
public class ApplicationRunner1 implements ApplicationRunner {
@Override
public void run(ApplicationArguments args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("\u001B[32m[>>> startup ApplicationRunner1 <<<]");
}
}
很简单,首先要使用@Component将实现类加入到Spring容器中,如果有多个的话通过@Order(1)进行排序,然后实现其run方法实现自己的初始化数据逻辑就可以了
CommandLineRunner
对于这两个接口而言,我们可以通过Order注解或者使用Ordered接口来指定调用顺序, @Order() 中的值越小,优先级越高
@Component
@Order(1)
public class CommandLineRunner1 implements CommandLineRunner {
@Override
public void run(String... args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("\u001B[32m[>>> startup runner1 <<<]");
}
}
同样需要加入到Spring容器中,CommandLineRunner的参数是最原始的参数,没有进行任何处理,ApplicationRunner的参数是ApplicationArguments,是对原始参数的进一步封装,如果有多个的话通过@Order(1)进行排序
ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner排序规则
- 通过Order指定顺序
- Order值相同ApplicationRunner的实现优先执行
源码分析
从SpringApplication.run方法的第8步callRunners开始
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
```
// 第八步:执行Runners
callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
```
return context;
}
private void callRunners(ApplicationContext context, ApplicationArguments args) {
List<Object> runners = new ArrayList<>();
//获取容器中所有的ApplicationRunner的Bean实例
runners.addAll(context.getBeansOfType(ApplicationRunner.class).values());
//获取容器中所有的CommandLineRunner的Bean实例
runners.addAll(context.getBeansOfType(CommandLineRunner.class).values());
//对runners集合进行排序
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(runners);
for (Object runner : new LinkedHashSet<>(runners)) {
if (runner instanceof ApplicationRunner) {
//执行ApplicationRunner的run方法
callRunner((ApplicationRunner) runner, args);
}
if (runner instanceof CommandLineRunner) {
//执行CommandLineRunner的run方法
callRunner((CommandLineRunner) runner, args);
}
}
}
很明显,是直接从Spring容器中获取ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner的实例,并调用其run方法,这也就是为什么我要使用@Component将ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner接口的实现类加入到Spring容器中了。
ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner实现类的差异点
- 执行优先级差异
- run方法入参不一致
ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner实现类的相同点
- 调用点一样
- 实现方法名一样
InitializingBean
在spring初始化bean的时候,如果bean实现了 InitializingBean 接口,在对象的所有属性被初始化后之后才会调用afterPropertiesSet()方法
@Component
public class InitialingzingBeanTest implements InitializingBean {
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception {
System.out.println("InitializingBean..");
}
}
我们可以看出spring初始化bean肯定会在 ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner接口调用之前。
@PostConstruct
@Component
public class PostConstructTest {
@PostConstruct
public void postConstruct() {
System.out.println("init...");
}
}
我们可以看到,只用在方法上添加@PostConstruct注解,并将类注入到Spring容器中就可以了。我们来看看@PostConstruct注解的方法是何时执行的
在Spring初始化bean时,对bean的实例赋值时,populateBean方法下面有一个initializeBean(beanName, exposedObject, mbd)方法,这个就是用来执行用户设定的初始化操作。我们看下方法体:
public abstract class AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory extends AbstractBeanFactory
implements AutowireCapableBeanFactory {
protected Object initializeBean(final String beanName, final Object bean, @Nullable RootBeanDefinition mbd) {
if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedAction<Object>) () -> {
// 激活 Aware 方法
invokeAwareMethods(beanName, bean);
return null;
}, getAccessControlContext());
}
else {
// 对特殊的 bean 处理:Aware、BeanClassLoaderAware、BeanFactoryAware
invokeAwareMethods(beanName, bean);
}
Object wrappedBean = bean;
if (mbd == null || !mbd.isSynthetic()) {
// 后处理器
wrappedBean = applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
}
try {
// 激活用户自定义的 init 方法
invokeInitMethods(beanName, wrappedBean, mbd);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new BeanCreationException(
(mbd != null ? mbd.getResourceDescription() : null),
beanName, "Invocation of init method failed", ex);
}
if (mbd == null || !mbd.isSynthetic()) {
// 后处理器
wrappedBean = applyBeanPostProcessorsAfterInitialization(wrappedBean, beanName);
}
return wrappedBean;
}
}
我们看到会先执行后处理器然后执行invokeInitMethods方法,我们来看下applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization
@Override
public Object applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(Object existingBean, String beanName)
throws BeansException {
Object result = existingBean;
for (BeanPostProcessor processor : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
Object current = processor.postProcessBeforeInitialization(result, beanName);
if (current == null) {
return result;
}
result = current;
}
return result;
}
@Override
public Object applyBeanPostProcessorsAfterInitialization(Object existingBean, String beanName)
throws BeansException {
Object result = existingBean;
for (BeanPostProcessor processor : getBeanPostProcessors()) {
Object current = processor.postProcessAfterInitialization(result, beanName);
if (current == null) {
return result;
}
result = current;
}
return result;
}
获取容器中所有的后置处理器,循环调用后置处理器的postProcessBeforeInitialization方法,这里我们来看一个BeanPostProcessor
public class CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor extends InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
implements InstantiationAwareBeanPostProcessor, BeanFactoryAware, Serializable {
public CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor() {
setOrder(Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE - 3);
//设置初始化参数为PostConstruct.class
setInitAnnotationType(PostConstruct.class);
setDestroyAnnotationType(PreDestroy.class);
ignoreResourceType("javax.xml.ws.WebServiceContext");
}
}
在构造器中设置了一个属性为PostConstruct.class,再次观察CommonAnnotationBeanPostProcessor这个类,它继承自InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor。InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor顾名思义,就是在Bean初始化和销毁的时候所作的一个前置/后置处理器。查看InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类下的postProcessBeforeInitialization方法:
public class InitDestroyAnnotationBeanPostProcessor
implements DestructionAwareBeanPostProcessor, MergedBeanDefinitionPostProcessor, PriorityOrdered, Serializable {
@Override
public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException {
LifecycleMetadata metadata = findLifecycleMetadata(bean.getClass());
try {
metadata.invokeInitMethods(bean, beanName);
}
catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
throw new BeanCreationException(beanName, "Invocation of init method failed", ex.getTargetException());
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new BeanCreationException(beanName, "Failed to invoke init method", ex);
}
return bean;
}
private LifecycleMetadata findLifecycleMetadata(Class<?> clazz) {
if (this.lifecycleMetadataCache == null) {
// Happens after deserialization, during destruction...
return buildLifecycleMetadata(clazz);
}
// Quick check on the concurrent map first, with minimal locking.
LifecycleMetadata metadata = this.lifecycleMetadataCache.get(clazz);
if (metadata == null) {
synchronized (this.lifecycleMetadataCache) {
metadata = this.lifecycleMetadataCache.get(clazz);
if (metadata == null) {
metadata = buildLifecycleMetadata(clazz);
this.lifecycleMetadataCache.put(clazz, metadata);
}
return metadata;
}
}
return metadata;
}
private LifecycleMetadata buildLifecycleMetadata(final Class<?> clazz) {
List<LifecycleElement> initMethods = new ArrayList<>();
List<LifecycleElement> destroyMethods = new ArrayList<>();
Class<?> targetClass = clazz;
do {
final List<LifecycleElement> currInitMethods = new ArrayList<>();
final List<LifecycleElement> currDestroyMethods = new ArrayList<>();
ReflectionUtils.doWithLocalMethods(targetClass, method -> {
if (this.initAnnotationType != null && method.isAnnotationPresent(this.initAnnotationType)) {
//判断clazz中的methon是否有initAnnotationType注解,也就是PostConstruct.class注解
LifecycleElement element = new LifecycleElement(method);
//如果有就将方法添加进LifecycleMetadata中
currInitMethods.add(element);
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Found init method on class [" + clazz.getName() + "]: " + method);
}
}
if (this.destroyAnnotationType != null && method.isAnnotationPresent(this.destroyAnnotationType)) {
//判断clazz中的methon是否有destroyAnnotationType注解
currDestroyMethods.add(new LifecycleElement(method));
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Found destroy method on class [" + clazz.getName() + "]: " + method);
}
}
});
initMethods.addAll(0, currInitMethods);
destroyMethods.addAll(currDestroyMethods);
targetClass = targetClass.getSuperclass();
}
while (targetClass != null && targetClass != Object.class);
return new LifecycleMetadata(clazz, initMethods, destroyMethods);
}
}
在这里会去判断某方法是否有PostConstruct.class注解,如果有,则添加到init/destroy队列中,后续一一执行。@PostConstruct注解的方法会在此时执行,我们接着来看invokeInitMethods
public abstract class AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory extends AbstractBeanFactory
implements AutowireCapableBeanFactory {
protected void invokeInitMethods(String beanName, final Object bean, @Nullable RootBeanDefinition mbd)
throws Throwable {
// 是否实现 InitializingBean
// 如果实现了 InitializingBean 接口,则只掉调用bean的 afterPropertiesSet()
boolean isInitializingBean = (bean instanceof InitializingBean);
if (isInitializingBean && (mbd == null || !mbd.isExternallyManagedInitMethod("afterPropertiesSet"))) {
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Invoking afterPropertiesSet() on bean with name '" + beanName + "'");
}
if (System.getSecurityManager() != null) {
try {
AccessController.doPrivileged((PrivilegedExceptionAction<Object>) () -> {
((InitializingBean) bean).afterPropertiesSet();
return null;
}, getAccessControlContext());
}
catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
throw pae.getException();
}
}
else {
// 直接调用 afterPropertiesSet()
((InitializingBean) bean).afterPropertiesSet();
}
}
if (mbd != null && bean.getClass() != NullBean.class) {
// 判断是否指定了 init-method(),
// 如果指定了 init-method(),则再调用制定的init-method
String initMethodName = mbd.getInitMethodName();
if (StringUtils.hasLength(initMethodName) &&
!(isInitializingBean && "afterPropertiesSet".equals(initMethodName)) &&
!mbd.isExternallyManagedInitMethod(initMethodName)) {
// 利用反射机制执行
invokeCustomInitMethod(beanName, bean, mbd);
}
}
}
}
首先检测当前 bean 是否实现了 InitializingBean 接口,如果实现了则调用其 afterPropertiesSet(),然后再检查是否也指定了 init-method(),如果指定了则通过反射机制调用指定的 init-method()。
我们也可以发现@PostConstruct会在实现 InitializingBean 接口的afterPropertiesSet()方法之前执行
Spring的事件机制
基础概念
Spring的事件驱动模型由三部分组成
- 事件: ApplicationEvent ,继承自JDK的 EventObject ,所有事件都要继承它,也就是被观察者
- 事件发布者: ApplicationEventPublisher 及 ApplicationEventMulticaster 接口,使用这个接口,就可以发布事件了
- 事件监听者: ApplicationListener ,继承JDK的 EventListener ,所有监听者都继承它,也就是我们所说的观察者,当然我们也可以使用注解 @EventListener ,效果是一样的
事件
在Spring框架中,默认对ApplicationEvent事件提供了如下支持:
- ContextStartedEvent:ApplicationContext启动后触发的事件
- ContextStoppedEvent:ApplicationContext停止后触发的事件
- ContextRefreshedEvent: ApplicationContext初始化或刷新完成后触发的事件 ;(容器初始化完成后调用,所以我们可以利用这个事件做一些初始化操作)
- ContextClosedEvent:ApplicationContext关闭后触发的事件;(如 web 容器关闭时自动会触发spring容器的关闭,如果是普通 java 应用,需要调用ctx.registerShutdownHook();注册虚拟机关闭时的钩子才行)
构造一个类继承ApplicationEvent
public class TestEvent extends ApplicationEvent {
private String message;
public TestEvent(Object source) {
super(source);
}
public void getMessage() {
System.out.println(message);
}
public void setMessage(String message) {
this.message = message;
}
}
创建事件监听者
有两种方法可以创建监听者,一种是直接实现ApplicationListener的接口,一种是使用注解 @EventListener , 注解是添加在监听方法上的 ,下面的例子是直接实现的接口
@Component
public class ApplicationListenerTest implements ApplicationListener<TestEvent> {
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(TestEvent testEvent) {
testEvent.getMessage();
}
}
事件发布
对于事件发布,代表者是 ApplicationEventPublisher 和 ApplicationEventMulticaster ,ApplicationContext接口继承了ApplicationEventPublisher,并在AbstractApplicationContext实现了具体代码,实际执行是委托给ApplicationEventMulticaster(可以认为是多播)
下面是一个事件发布者的测试实例:
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class EventTest {
@Autowired
private ApplicationContext applicationContext;
@Test
public void publishTest() {
TestEvent testEvent = new TestEvent("");
testEvent.setMessage("hello world");
applicationContext.publishEvent(testEvent);
}
}
利用ContextRefreshedEvent事件进行初始化操作
利用 ContextRefreshedEvent 事件进行初始化,该事件是 ApplicationContext 初始化完成后调用的事件,所以我们可以利用这个事件,对应实现一个 监听器 ,在其 onApplicationEvent() 方法里初始化操作
@Component
public class ApplicationListenerTest implements ApplicationListener<ContextRefreshedEvent> {
@Override
public void onApplicationEvent(ContextRefreshedEvent event) {
System.out.println("容器刷新完成后,我被调用了..");
}
}