注意用正式书面用语
雅思作文不能用缩写， don't 改成 do not, isn't 改成 is not。
不能用第二人称，比如 you，但是可以使用第一人称 I 和 we。文章有时候可以用 he or she 指代一个人，但是不能只用 he 或 she。
议论文思路
A->B->C（具体见顾家北）：不跑题
注意题目的修饰词和虚词：不跑题，覆盖问题范围
不停问why
下定义，具体化，举例，对比，类比，让步，假设，因果
科技文化，技能工作，健康环境，财务安全，兴趣效率，权利义务
参考资料
顾家北
慎小嶷十天突破雅思写作
慎小嶷 作业本-范文译文集
慎小嶷 急救短语和速查短语
慎小嶷 议论文典型真题思路
simon
科技
实体店 physical stores
科技进步 advances in science and technology
无人驾驶汽车 self-driving cars
电动汽车 electronic cars
变得有自我意识 become self-aware
不够发达的基础设施 less developed infrastructure
客户 clients
状况不好 ... are not in good condition
文化/教育
提升公众形象 boost their public image
学费 tuition fees
奖学金 scholarships
追求最新潮流 follow the latest trends
公平的教育机会 equal access to education / equal opportunities to education
赋予...鲜明的特色 give character to ...
丰富文化和社会 enrich culture and society
语言不仅是一种交流的方式 a language is more than a means of communication
多元文化的 multi-cultural
歧视 have a bias against ...
提升民族自信 boost national pride
减少文化多样性 reduce cultural diversity
损害文化认同感 erode cultural identity
语言障碍 language barriers
传统和风俗 traditions and customs
是文化传承的一个重要组成部分 is a key part to their heritage
著名地标 famous landmark
虚拟世界 in a virtual world
真实世界 in real life
文化交流 cultural exchange
主要语言 dominant language
小语种 minority language
代言产品 endorse products
技能
发展他们的技能 develop / improve / boost their skills
独立思考的能力 independent thinking skills
解决问题的能力 problem-solving skills
社交技能 social skills
团队合作技能 teamwork skills
读写技能 reading and writing skills
沟通技能 communication skills
计算机技能 computer skills
外语技能 foreign language skills
辩证思维能力 critical thinking skills
体力劳动者 manual workers
全面的 well-rounded
接受了良好教育的 well-educated
扩展职业社交圈 expand their professional networks
形成良好的学习习惯 develop good learning habits
深化理解 deepen their understanding of ...
获取知识 gain knowledge about ...
促进大脑发育 boost their brain development
激发想象力 encourage their imagination
创造力 creativity
开阔视野 expand / broaden their horizons
一起紧密合作 work closely together
增强独立性 increase their independency
帮助他们为就业做准备 help them prepare for employment
获取实践经验 gain practical experience
更多就业机会 have more job opportunities
发挥潜力 achieve their potential
实现目标 achieve their goals
掌握知识：
gain an insight into ...
have an in-depth knowledge of ...
have a good grasp of ...
deepen their understanding of ...
broaden their minds
工作
进入就业市场 enter the job market
实现共同目标 achieve their common goal
做义工 do voluntary work
频繁换工作 change jobs frequently
全职工作 work full-time
超时工作 work overtime
远程工作 work remotely / work from home
有经验的工作者 skilled workers
工作忙碌 busy careers
孕假 maternity leave allows mothers time to recover from childbirth / to spend more time with their newborn babies / adapt to their new roles as mothers
find the right person to fill the role of an employee on maternity leave
跨国公司 multinational companies / corporations
实现工作生活平衡 achieve a work-life balance
拥有工作稳定性 have job security
有稳定的收入来源 have a steady source of income
创造工作 create jobs
抢走...的就业机会 take away jobs from ...
工作培训 job / vocational training
劳动力短缺 labour shortages
住房短缺 housing shortages
避免陷入一种惯例中 avoid falling into a routine
比同行优秀：gain a competitive edge over their peers
为事业铺路：pave the way for their careers
成为行业专家：develop expertise / become experts + in a field of work
理论和实践技能：theories and practical skills
道德原则和行为准则：moral principles and behaviour norms
学习知识：acquire knowledge
学习内容，提高知识：grasp content of each lecture and widen knowledge
完成很多作业：finish a lot of assignments
获得学位：complete a degree
在学校表现好：perform well at school.
被免除学费 be exempted from tuition fees
免除学费 abolish tuition fees
小学/中学：primary, elementary / secondary school
上学：attend / go to school
辍学 drop out of college / school
更认真看待学习机会：take the educational opportunity more seriously.
找到工作：find a job / find employment
获得更多职业发展机会：explore more career opportunities.
提高年轻人的工作前景：improve young people’s job prospects.
就业不好：poor employment prospects
在工作中表现好 perform well in the workplace
表现不好 perform poorly
labour market
in workplace
pursue a career
high pay
make money / earn money
涨工资 people get pay rises
在事业上取得进步 advance their career
取得事业上的成功 achieve career success
achieve ambitions
名利双收：achieve fame and wealth
对事业不利 harmful to their careers
上下班 travel to and from work
home buyers in large cities
负债 get into debt
还清负债 pay off debts
买的起房 afford houses mortgage
还房贷 pay the mortgage
还清房贷 pay off the mortgage
raise a family
live comfortably
lead a comfortable life
平衡工作和家庭 balance work and life / combine work and family commitments
发掘潜能 to reach their potential
培养责任感 foster a sense of responsibility
提高能力 develop some positive qualities.
获得成就感：gain a sense of accomplishment.
为...付出努力/时间：devote their effort/time to ...
他们不仅可以提高社会技能，以后也有更多的人脉可用。Not only do they sharpen social skills but they also have more personal resources to draw upon in the future.
用不同的交通工具通勤：commute by using different forms of transport
商人：businesspeople
职业培训：job/vocational training
被辞退：be laid off / dismissed
失业：out of work. / lose jobs / unemployment / be unemployed
突然倒闭：go bankrupt / be shut down overnight.
经济危机：economic recession, depression
适应工作节奏：follow the working pace / keep pace with the changes in the workplace
丰富的职业生涯：a varied career
发现他们的才能，发掘他们的潜力：discover their own talents and fulfil their potential.
初创公司：start-ups
承担更多责任：are trusted with more responsibilities.
适应一个不断变化的世界：sb. adapt to an everchanging world.
攒钱：save money
足够的积蓄： sufficient savings
理财：sound financial planning.
创业：set up / run their own business
将他们的想法付诸实践：put their ideas into practice
一直待在一家公司：stay in a company for life.
首先，他们通常为那些不想一周工作40个小时，但需要兼顾工作和照顾孩子等有其它责任的人提供机会。这对我们新成员当中的很多人是非常重要的。For a start, they often offer opportunities for those who don't want to be stuck with a 40-hour week, but need to juggle work with other responsibilities such as child care – and this is very important for many of our recruits.
健康/心理/性格
建立自信 build self-confidence
没有动力的 unmotivated
会心的 frustrated
焦虑 anxiety / anxious
易接受的 open-minded
忠诚的 loyal
可靠的 reliable
善解人意的 understanding
耐心的 patient
自制力 self-discipline
注意细节的 detail-oriented
敏捷的 sharp
孤独的 lonely
孤立的 isolated
攻击性 aggressive
暴力 violent
不满 resentment
导致误解 cause misunderstanding
心脏病 heart disease
高血压 high blood pressure
肥胖 obesity / obese
含有很多糖、盐、脂肪、卡路里 high in / contain too much + sugar, salt, fat and calory
含有有害学物质 contain harmful chemicals
体力 physical strength
提升免疫力 boost the immune system
损害视力 damage eyesight
道德上错误的 morally wrong
被压力和焦虑困扰 suffer from stress and anxiety
活跃的/缺乏运动的生活方式 live / lead + an active / a sedentary + lifestyle
保持均衡的饮食 have a balanced diet
严重依赖于 rely heavily on ...
痛苦和折磨 pain and suffering
满足期待 meet their expectations
饮食习惯 diet habits
饮食 cuisine [kwɪˈziːn]
口味 flavour
快餐的份量都很大 fast food is served in large portions
体重正常的人 normal-weight people
超重的人 overweight people / obese people / obese [oʊˈbiːs] / obesity [oʊˈbisəti]
快的生活节奏和不规律的工作时间：fast pace of life / fast-paces life and irregular working
人们有时候自制力不够，很难改掉一些坏习惯。People fail to show self-restraint sometimes and find it difficult to change some bad habits.
在空闲时间：in our spare time
生活质量：the standard of living / the quality of life
久坐：sedentary lifestyle
久坐的工作：a sedentary job
缩短寿命：reduce life expectancy.
出国：travel across borders / travel abroad
家用电器：household equipment / appliances
处理产品：dispose of products.
不可降解的产品：disposable products （disposable 一次性的）
可重复使用的：reusable products
环保意识：environmental awareness
过度消费：overconsumption
家庭聚餐：People attend family meals less frequently than before.
沟通和互相理解：Family meals provide family members with an opportunity to communicate with each other and improve mutual understanding.
假如人们经常在外面吃快餐，他们就不太可能知道家人的近况，很少能够顾及家人的感情需。If they often eat out in fast food restaurants, they will be unable to keep up to date with family issues and respond to emotional needs of other fami ly members.
会导致家庭关系越来越疏远，而很多人在生活中遇到问题时会感到孤独和无助。This may lead to distant family relationships and people will feel lonely and helpless when facing problems in daily lives.
环境
节约能源 save / conserve energy
LED灯 LED light bulbs
节能热水器 energy-efficient water heaters
交通堵塞 traffic congestion 不可数 / a traffic jam, traffic jams 可数
住宅区 residential areas
高楼 high-rise buildings / tall buildings / office towers / residential towers
矮楼 low-rise buildings
创造一个很棒的天际线 create an impressive skyline
节能的 energy-efficient
人口过多 overpopulation
拥挤 名词 overcrowding， 形容词 overcrowded
食物短缺 food shortage
住房短缺 housing shortage
重复循环使用 recycle and reuse
短缺的 scarce
自然栖息地 natural habitats
人类可生存的类地星球 earth-like planets that can support human life
人类活动 human activity, such as hunting, logging（伐木）, road construction
生物多样性 biodiversity
增加碳排放 increase carbon emissons
加剧全球变暖 contribute to global warming
气候变化 climate change
构成压力 put pressure on ... / impose a heavy burden on ...
减轻压力 reduce / relieve pressure on
造成威胁 pose a threat to ...
崇尚消费的社会 consumer society
自然资源 natural resources
城市居民 city dwellers / urban residents
环保的 eco-friendly
保护濒危物种 protect endangered species
动物保护区 wildlife reserves
汽车尾气 car fumes
化石能源 fossil fuels
清洁能源 clean energy
可再生能源 renewable energy
太阳能 solar energy
风能 wind energy
核能 nuclear energy
农作物 crops
生态旅游 ecotourism
财务
不同收入和预算 different incomes and budgets
低收入家庭 low-income families / people from disadvantaged backgrounds
政府资金 government funding
有限的资金 have limited funds
资金不足的 under-funded
提供税务减免 give them tax breaks
赞助者 sponsor
费钱 involve high costs
居住费用 housing costs
不给钱的 unpaid
优惠门票 discounted admission
价格可接受的 affordable
过度消费 overspend 动词
冲动消费 buy things on impulse
欠债 have debts
集中精力在金钱和财产上 focus on money and possessions
物质化的 materialistic
有良好的消费习惯 have good spending habits
提供财务支持 provide financial support to ...
资金援助 financial aid
提高生活水平 raise people's standard of living
纳税 pay taxes <-> charge / impose taxes on
纳税人 taxpayer
政府税收 government tax revenue
养老金体系 state pension system
失业率 unemployment rate
名牌服装 designer clothes
受利润驱动 driven by profit
高房价 high housing prices
收入来源 have a source of income
投入大量钱 pour money into ...
资助 subsidise XXX / provide subsidies for ...
subsidies [ˈsʌbsədiz] n.补贴; 补助金; 津贴;
subsidise ['sʌbsɪdaɪz] v.补助; 资助; 给…发津贴;
垄断市场：dominate the market
提高价格，减少支出：raise prices and cut spending
降低价格：reduce the price /cut down the price
安全
违法 break the law
诈骗的受害者 victims of fraud
辨认假货 identify fake products
犯罪 commit crimes / a crime
罪犯 criminals / offenders
打击犯罪 deter crime
打击潜在的罪犯 deter potential criminals
预防犯罪 prevent crime
降低犯罪率 reduce crime rates
降低公众对犯罪的恐惧 reduce the fear of crime among the general public
惩罚 punish
罪犯常瞄准独居者 criminals often target people who live alone
性骚扰 sexual harassment
青少年犯罪 youth crime
守法的公民 law-abiding citizens
重犯 re-offend
改造罪犯 reform criminals
增加警方巡逻 increase police patrols
造成健康风险 pose health risks to ...
盗取个人信息 steal personal information
网络诈骗 online fraud
紧张和冲突 tensions and conflicts
将...置于监管之下 put ... under supervision
兴趣
效率
节省时间和精力 save time and energy
浪费时间 it is a waste of time
提高效率 boost efficiency
提高生产率 boost productivity
提高表现 boost performance
提高销量 boost the sales of products
推销产品 promote products
最大程度利用 make the most of ... / make the best of ...
激烈竞争 face tough / fierce competition for jobs
竞争优势 gain a competitive edge over their peers
交通量 the volume of traffic on the roads
交通高峰期 rush hour
解决...根源问题 tackle / address the root cause of ...
大批量生产 mass production
权利义务责任
应该是个人选择 should be a personal choice
被尊重和重视 be respected and valued
隐私被侵犯 feel that their privacy is invaded
分担家庭责任 share family responsibilities
还有更重要的考虑 have more important concerns
开展宣传活动 run campaigns to
不负责任的 irresponsible
抚养小孩 raise children
照顾老人 look after their elderly parents
一个自由公平的社会 a free and fair society
受到公平的对待 are treated fairly
性别偏见 gender bias
促进性别平等 boost gender equality
传统性别角色 traditional gender roles
性别均衡的团队 gender-balanced teams
一种成就感 a sense of achievement
一种归属感 a sense of belonging
一种责任感 a sense of responsibility
增进亲情 build family bonds
好的榜样 good role models
教他们明辨是非 teach them the difference between right and wrong / how to tell right from wrong
溺爱孩子 spoil children
为社区做贡献 contribute to their community
成为有用的社会成员 become a useful member of society
提供广泛的课程 provide a broad curriculum
核心课程 core subjects
选修课程 optional subjects
指导学生 guide students
做志愿工作 do voluntary work
减少贫困 reduce poverty
减少不平等 reduce inequality
立法 introduce laws to ...
对...的公司罚款 fine companies that ...
交罚款 fay fines
提高公众的意识 raise public awareness of ...
有误导性的信息 misleading information
优势互补 complement each other's strengths
身份地位的象征 status symbols
剥夺某人某物 deprive sb. of sth.
其他
评价 evaluate and criticise
长期的 long-term
长期来看 in the long term
发达的 developed
不发达的 under-developed
一手的/地 first-hand
相互依赖的 interconnected
重视 value ... / put value on ... / emphasize .../ lay emphasis on .../ place importance on ...
可行的方法 viable solution
不计后果地 recklessly
重要地 be important / essential to ...
强烈地，重大地，重要的，等类似意思的词 huge, greate, significant, dramatically, essential, considerable, highly, considerably
对...产生重大影响 effect XXX, have a affect / impact / influence on ..., make a difference to sth.
有好处 be beneficial/helpful/positive to ... / benefit XXX / bring benefits to / be good to ... / be of value to ...
大力提倡 it is widely promoted that ...
自拍 selfie
与...相关 related to .../ associated to ...
很多小孩每天都会接触很多广告。Many children are exposed to a large number of advertisements every day.
能减少小孩接触广告的机会。reduce children’s exposure to commercial messages.
逐渐地 increasingly + adj.
延长，推迟 prolong, postpone, extend
传授 impart sth. to sb. / pass on their experience to young people.
利用 tap into ... / make the most of ... / make good use of ...
...最受影响 ... be among the most affected
在很多方面 in many aspects
花时间做... spend time in doing ...
尽力做... make an effort to do ...
我行我素 act at will / act as they please
损失 suffer a loss
替代 xxx is a better alternative to xx
不认真看待/将...视为理所当然 take it for granted
从同学和老师那里获得灵感 draw upon ideas of classmates or teachers. / draw inspiration from ...
我们不能忽略这样的可能 we cannot rule out the possibility that ...
适合 suit their needs. / are well-tailored to ...
重视 give priority to
减轻问题：mitigate problems
community / neighbourhood
创造一个公平和快乐的社会：create a fair and happy society.
人口学 demographic [deməˈɡrafik]
人口（结构）的变化 demographic change
不断增长的人口 a growing population
人口增长 population expansion
年轻人 young people
中年人 mid-aged people
老年人 senior people / elderly people
年轻工作者 junior workers
大龄工作者 senior workers
老龄化 an aging population
在晚年时期 in the later year of life
随着年龄增长 with age, .....
延长寿命 prolong life
更长寿 people live longer and healthier lives
寿命变长 extend life expectancy
延迟退休 prolong their working lives / delay retirement / postpone their retirement
将自己的知识和技能传授给年轻人。impart their knowledge and skills to junior colleagues.
残疾人 people with disabilities / disabled person
普通人 ordinary people
阻碍社会发展 obstruct / hamper social progress
提高文化水平：improve literacy.
降低文盲率：reduce illiteracy / reduce the rate of illiteracy
这样可以缩小贫富差距，建立一个公平的社会。This can help narrow the gap between the rich and the poor./ close the economic divide and build a fair society. / This can close the gap between haves and have-nots and help build a fair society.
纳税人：taxpayer
税收：tax revenue
收税：charge tax
很高的税：high / heavy / hefty tax
环保的：environment friendly / environmentally friendly
传播知识：spread knowledge
提升基础设施：upgrade infrastructures
对艺术的公共投资：public funding/investment for arts
国家有财政问题：a country struggles with budget problems.
政府干预：government intervenes / government intervention.
对有害行为施加限制：impose restrictions on some harmful behaviours.
对烟草收税并禁止公共场合吸烟：imposes tax on tobacco and forbids citizens to smoke in public.
政府宣传...：the government launch campaigns to inform people that ...
温室气体：Greenhouse gases produced by airplanes
greenhouse gas emissions created by aircraft
科技发展和规模化生产：Technological innovations and mass production
很多行业发展不完善，消费里较低：many industries remain underdeveloped and buying power is weak.
城市居民：city dwellers
摆脱贫穷：get rid of poverty / break the cycle of poverty
住房和设施：housing and facilities.
一些城市没有足够的土地来容纳大量人口：Some cities are unable to accommodate a large population because of the shortage of land.
移居者：migrants / migrant workers
忍受恶劣的居住条件：endure harsh living conditions
买不起房子：cannot afford housing / home ownership
城乡收入差距扩大：rural-urban income disparities will grow
刺激经济：boost / stimulate the economy.
化石燃料 fossil fuels
清洁能源 clean energy
公共设施 public facility
降低公司效率：undermine a company's productivity
文化
母语 mother tongue language / native language
艺术品：artworks
雕塑、绘画、塑像：sculptures, paintings or statues
艺术展览：art galleries
著名地标：famous landmarks
旅游胜地：tourist attraction
旅游收入：tourism revenue
有历史意义的建筑：Buildings of historical interest
坚持 perseverant / perseverance
谨慎的 prudent / prudence
勤奋的 diligent / diligence
耐心的 patient / patience
坏脾气的 temperamental
confidence
problem-solving ability
a sense of responsibility
a sense of community
distinguish right from wrong. 分辨对错
有道德意识：be conscious of ethics
很多人不自律：Many people lack self-discipline. / self-descipline
自律：show self-descipline
遵守规则：obey rules
尊重...：show respect to ...
自尊，尊严：dignity
交际广阔：have a large social network
礼貌：good manners
对别人粗鲁和不尊重：rude and disrespectful to others.
让我们心情变好：put us in a good mood. / lightens our mood
坚强 firm, strong
有适应力的 resilient
无聊的、枯燥的：boring，tedious
People tend to hold different views about ...
There are contrasting views about ...
there is a difference between a and b when it comes to doing sth.
they take different factors into consideration.
both criteria should be given equal consideration.
it is widely known that ...
it is a common knowledge that ...
be willing to do sth.
prefer to do sth.
be less willing to do sth.
avoid doing sth.
be (more) likely to do ...
be unlikely to do ...
more easily
enable sb. to do sth.
help sb. to do sth.
给...带来很大压力/威胁：
pose a threat to ...
impose a heavy burden on ...
impose a strain on ...
present a challenge to ...
put pressure on ...
put ... under pressure
减轻压力/负担：
relieve / reduce pressure
alleviate pressure on ...
lighten the burden on ...
升：increase, rise,
降：decrease, drop, decline, reduce, curb,
正面的：positive,
负面的：undermine, negative, damaging, adverse,
优点：
advantage
有坏处：
disadvantage
have a damage to sth.
damaging
negative
adverse
harmful
缺点：
downside
drawback
强调句：
it is xxx that do sth.
