环境简介：
Ubuntu 环境下 使用MongoDB将数据保存到本地，利用redis-server实现分布式部署
使用scrapy框架爬去知乎用户的信息。

1. 安装MongoDB
   sudo apt-get install mongodb
   2.安装redis
   sudo apt-get install redis-server
   3.安装scarpy
   sudo apt-get install scrapy

创建爬虫项目：
scrapy startproject zhihu
cd zhihu
创建爬虫文件:
scarpy genspider zhihu www.zhihu.com

代码简析：
zhihu.py爬虫

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import json

from scrapy import Request, Spider

from ..items import UserItem


class ZhihuSpider(Spider):
    name = 'zhihu'
    allowed_domains = ['www.zhihu.com']
    start_urls = ['http://www.zhihu.com/']

    start_user = 'excited-vczh'

    # 用户信息
    user_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}?include={include}'
    user_query = 'allow_message,is_followed,is_following,is_org,is_blocking,employments,answer_count,follower_count,articles_count,gender,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'

    # 关注列表
    followees_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followees?include={include}&offset=0&limit=20'
    followees_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'

    # 粉丝列表
    followers_url = 'https://www.zhihu.com/api/v4/members/{user}/followers?include={include}&offset=0&limit=20'
    followers_query = 'data[*].answer_count,articles_count,gender,follower_count,is_followed,is_following,badge[?(type=best_answerer)].topics'

    def start_requests(self):
        yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.user_query), self.parse_user)
        yield Request(self.followees_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.followees_query, offset=0, limit=20),
                      callback=self.parse_followees)
        yield Request(self.followees_url.format(user=self.start_user, include=self.followees_query, offset=0, limit=20),
                      callback=self.parse_followers)

    def parse_user(self, response):
        result = json.loads(response.text)
        item = UserItem()
        for field in item.fields:
            if field in result.keys():
                item[field] = result.get(field)
        yield item
        yield Request(
            self.followees_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.followees_query, offset=0, limit=20),
            callback=self.parse_followees)
        yield Request(
            self.followees_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.followees_query, offset=0, limit=20),
            callback=self.parse_followers)

    # 解析关注列表
    def parse_followees(self, response):
        results = json.loads(response.text)

        if 'data' in results.keys():
            for result in results.get('data'):
                yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.user_query),
                              self.parse_user)

        if 'paging' in results.keys() and results.get('paging').get('is_end') == False:
            next_page = results.get('paging').get('next')
            yield Request(next_page, self.parse_followees)

    # 解析粉丝列表
    def parse_followers(self, response):
        results = json.loads(response.text)

        if 'data' in results.keys():
            for result in results.get('data'):
                yield Request(self.user_url.format(user=result.get('url_token'), include=self.user_query),
                              self.parse_user)

        if 'paging' in results.keys() and results.get('paging').get('is_end') == False:
            next_page = results.get('paging').get('next')
            yield Request(next_page, self.parse_followers)

pipellines.py 管线文件

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html


import pymongo


class ZhihuPipeline(object):
    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        return item


class MongoPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        host = 'localhost'
        port = 27017
        dbname = 'Zhihu'
        sheetname = 'zhihu_user'
        # 创建MONGODB数据库链接
        client = pymongo.MongoClient(host=host, port=port)
        # 指定数据库
        mydb = client[dbname]
        # 存放数据的数据库表名
        self.post = mydb[sheetname]

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 使用update方法 进行去重处理
        self.post.update({'url_token': item['url_token']}, {'$set': item}, True)
        return item

item.py 爬取数据的保存格式

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

from scrapy import Item, Field


class UserItem(Item):
    id = Field()
    name = Field()
    avatar_url = Field()
    headline = Field()
    description = Field()
    url = Field()
    url_token = Field()
    gender = Field()
    cover_url = Field()
    type = Field()
    Badge = Field()

    answer_count = Field()
    articles_count = Field()
    commercial_question_count = Field()
    favorite_count = Field()
    follower_count = Field()
    following_columns_count = Field()
    following_count = Field()
    pins_count = Field()
    question_count = Field()
    thank_from_count = Field()
    thank_to_count = Field()
    vote_from_count = Field()
    vote_to_count = Field()
    voteup_count = Field()
    following_favlists_count = Field()
    following_question_count = Field()
    following_topic_count = Field()
    marked_ansers_count = Field()
    mutual_followees_count = Field()
    hosted_live_count = Field()
    participated_live_count = Field()

settings.py scrapy配置文件

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for zhihu project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'zhihu'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['zhihu.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'zhihu.spiders'

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
# USER_AGENT = 'zhihu (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
# CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
# COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
# TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.62 Safari/537.36',
    'authorization': 'oauth c3cef7c66a1843f8b3a9e6a1e3160e20'
}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
# SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'zhihu.middlewares.ZhihuSpiderMiddleware': 543,
# }

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'zhihu.middlewares.MyCustomDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
# }

# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
# EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
# }

# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
    'zhihu.pipelines.MongoPipeline': 300,#将本地存储的管线打开
    #'scrapy_redis.pipelines.RedisPipeline': 301#不注释将会把爬到的数据上传到Master端，会消耗新能，一般情况下，Master只保存连接指纹，数据又本地储存
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
# AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
# AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
# AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
# AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
# AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
# HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
# HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
# HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
# HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
# HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'

# 调度表使用scrapy_redis的调度表
# Enables scheduling storing requests queue in redis.
SCHEDULER = "scrapy_redis.scheduler.Scheduler"

#去重使用scrapy_redis的去重文件
# Ensure all spiders share same duplicates filter through redis.
DUPEFILTER_CLASS = "scrapy_redis.dupefilter.RFPDupeFilter"

#指定redis的url地址
REDIS_URL = 'redis://user:password@hostname:port'

github:https://github.com/a331363549/Spider_Zhihu