Beyond Feelings
A Guide to Critical Thinking
9 edition-----Vincent Ryan Ruggiero
为什么这是一本好书？
因为这是一本李笑来推荐的书
因为这是一本经典书，该书最初出版于1975年，2011年出版了其第九版，作者文森特·鲁吉罗是美国纽约州立大学德里校区荣誉退休教授，是国际公认的强调思维教学在教育中核心地位的运动先驱。
人们对事物的认知往往停留在感性的阶段，但是这种认知经常是不正确的。如何用理性的思维对事物获得相对准确的认知，或者说如何来探究真理，简而言之，如何正确的思考，本书告诉你怎么做。
本书的基本框架
The book has three main sections. The first, “The Context,” will help you understand such important concepts as individuality,critical thinking, truth, knowledge, opinion, evidence, and argument and overcome attitudes and ideas that obstruct critical thinking. The second section,“The Pitfalls,” will teach you to recognize and avoid the most common errors in thinking. The third section, “A Strategy,” will help you acquire the various skills used in addressing problems and issues. This section includes tips on identifying and overcoming your personal intellectual weaknesses as well as techniques for becoming more observant, clarifying issues,conducting inquiries, evaluating evidence, analyzing other people’s views, and making sound judgments.
这本书共分三部分，一是基本概念，先帮你理清概念和定义，例如个人意识、思考、真理、知道、观点，这些词的定义是什么，这些词对批判性思考有什么影响，如何克服他们。
二是误区，告诉你思考中的一些误区，以及如何认识、克服他们。
三是应用技巧，帮助你建立探究问题的几个技巧。
个人认为，第一部分和第三部分是重点，先在第一部分中了解几个熟知的概念的真正定义，其实我们大多数人犯了定义模糊的错误，真正的思考，第一步应该是搞清楚定义。第三部分是要学习怎么做，什么是批判性思考的正确方式。第二部分可以有选择的读一读，部分内容是第一部分和第三部分的重复。
第一部分：七大基本概念
Chapter 1 Who Are You?
The Influence of Time and Place
The Influence of Ideas
The Influence of Mass Culture
The “Science” of Manipulation
The Influence of Psychology
Becoming an Individual
Chapter 2 What Is Critical Thinking?
Mind, Brain, or Both?
Critical Thinking Defined
Characteristics of Critical Thinkers
The Role of Intuition
Basic Activities in Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking and Writing
Critical Thinking and Discussion
Avoiding Plagiarism
Chapter 3 What Is Truth?
Where Does It All Begin?
Imperfect Perception
Imperfect Memory
Deficient Information
Even the Wisest Can Err
Truth Is Discovered, Not Created
Understanding Cause and Effect
Chapter 4 What Does It Mean to Know?
Requirements of Knowing
Testing Your Own Knowledge
How We Come to Know
Why Knowing Is Difficult
A Cautionary Tale
Is Faith a Form of Knowledge?
Obstacles to Knowledge
Chapter 5 How Good Are Your Opinions?
Opinions Can Be Mistaken
Opinions on Moral Issues
Even Experts Can Be Wrong
Kinds of Errors
Informed Versus Uninformed Opinion
Forming Opinions Responsibly
Chapter 6 What Is Evidence?
Kinds of Evidence
Evaluating Evidence
What Constitutes Sufficient Evidence?
Chapter 7 What Is Argument?
The Parts of an Argument
Evaluating Arguments
More Difficult Arguments
第三部分：六项行动指南
PART THREE A Strategy
Chapter 14 Knowing Yourself
Critical Thinking Inventory
Using Your Inventory
Challenge and Reward
Chapter 15 Being Observant
Observing People
Observation in Science and Medicine
The Range of Application
Becoming More Observant
Reflecting on Your Observations
Chapter 16 Selecting an Issue
The Basic Rule: Less Is More
How to Limit an Issue
Sample Issue: Pornography
Sample Issue: Boxing
Sample Issue: Juvenile Crime
Narrowing the Issue Further
Chapter 17 Conducting Inquiry
Working with Inconclusive Results
Where to Look for Information
Keeping Focused
How Much Inquiry Is Enough?
Managing Lengthy Material
Chapter 18 Forming a Judgment
Evaluating Evidence
Evaluating Your Sources’ Arguments
Making Important Distinctions
Expressing Judgments
Chapter 19 Persuading Others
Guidelines for Persuasion
An Unpersuasive Presentation
A Persuasive Presentation
七大基本概念
一、你是谁
每个人看起来都各自不同，但其实却受到不同因素的影响，这些影响包括5个方面。The Influence of Time and Place ，The Influence of Ideas ，The Influence of Mass Culture，The “Science” of Manipulation ，The Influence of Psychology。
首先是不同年代不同地域的人的观念会对你产生影响。例如，关于迟到，不同国家的人对此定义其实是不同的：
“Five minutes is late but permissible for a business appointment in the U.S., but thirty minutes is normal in Arab countries. In England five to fifteen minutes is the ‘correct’ lateness for one invited to dinner; an Italian might come two hours late, an Ethiopian still later, a Javanese not at all, having accepted only to prevent his host’s losing face.”
“ 5分钟已经算是迟到，但在美国商务会面时是可容忍的，但是，在阿拉伯国家，迟到30分钟是正常的。在英国，一个人受邀请共进晚餐，5到1 5分钟属于‘恰当’的迟到时间；一个意大利人也许会迟到两个小时；埃塞俄比亚人会更迟；爪哇人甚至根本不来，接受邀请目的仅仅是不让主人没面子。”
其次，你周围人群的价值观会影响到你。
To appreciate the influence of ideas in people’s lives,consider the series of events set in motion by an idea that was popular in psychology more than acentury ago and whose influence continues to this day—the idea that“intelligence is genetically determined and cannot be increased.”
要理解观念在人们生活中的影响，考虑一个一个多世纪前在心理学中流行并且其影响持续至今的观念所引发的一场运动中的系列事件--“智力是基因决定的，后天不能增加。”
第三，大众传媒对你的影响。你的注意力被大众传媒诱导，你的思维被他们牵着鼻子走，你变得毫无思考力。
Television programmers use frequent scene shifts and sensory appeals such as car crashes,violence, and sexual encounters to keep audience interest from diminishing. Then they add frequent commercial interruptions. This author has analyzed the attention shifts that television viewers are subjected to. In a dramatic program, for example, attention shifts might include camera angle changes;shifts in story line from one set of characters (or subplot) to another, or from a present scene to a past scene (flashback), or to fantasy;and shifts to “newsbreaks,” to commercial breaks, from one commercial to another, and back to the program. Also included might be shifts of attention that occur within commercials. I found as many as 78 shifts per hour, excluding the shifts within commercials. The number of shifts within commercials ranged from 6 to 54 and averaged approximately 17 per fifteen-second commercial. The total number of attention shifts came out to over 800 per hour, or over 14 perminute.
电视节目制作人经常运用频繁的场景转换和感官诉求（如汽车碰撞、暴力和性邂逅），以维持观众的兴趣不减，然后频繁地插播商业广告。制片人分析过电视观众所承受的注意力转移程度。例如，在电视剧中，注意力转移或许包括镜头角度的改变；故事线索从一个情节（或陪衬情节）向另一个情节的转变，或者从当前场景切换到过去场景（闪回），或切换到幻景，切换到“插播新闻”或商业广告，从一个商业广告跳到另一个商业广告，然后回到电视节目。而且，注意力的转移也有可能发生在商业广告之内。我发现每小时的广告切换多达78次，这还不包括商业广告之内的切换。每15秒钟的商业广告内的切换次数从6次到54次不等，平均大约为17次。意力转移的总次数超过了每小时800次，或每分钟超过14次。
第四，你的思维容易被人操控。别有用心的人可以通过研究人们的心理来改变人的认知，从而轻易获取人们的信任
research has shown that human memory can be manipulated. The way a question is asked can change the details in a person’s memory and even make a person remember something that never happened!
研究已经表明人类记忆可以被操纵。提问的方式可以改变一个人的记忆中的细节，甚至让一个人回忆起从来没有发生过的事情！
Of course,advertisers and people with political or social agendas are not content to stimulate emotions and/or plant ideas in our minds. They also seek to reinforce hose impressions by repeating them again and again. The more people hear aslogan or talking point, the more familiar it becomes. Before long, it becomes indistinguishable from ideas developed through careful thought
当然，广告商和社会与政治工作者不会满足在我们脑袋里激发情感和/或植入观念。他们还试图不断重复来加深这些印象。人越是多次听到的一个口号或“论据”，对它就会越熟悉。不久以后，它与通过深思熟虑的想法无法区分。悲哀的是，“这种包装通常做得如此有效，以至于观众、听众或读者根本作出自己的决定。
第五，心理上的影响。我们为人处世的态度、价值观会受到社会大众心理的影响。
The social and psychological theories of our time also have an impact on our beliefs. Before the past few decades, people were urged to be self-disciplined, self-critical, and self-effacing. They were urged to practice self-denial, to aspire to self-knowledge, to behave in a manner that ensured they maintained self-respect. Self-centeredness was considered a vice. “Hard work,” they were told, “leads to achievement, and that in turn produces satisfaction and self-confidence.”
我们这个时代的社会学和心理学的理论对我们的信念也产生了影响。在几十年前，人们被督促要求自律、自我批评和自谦，要进行自我否定，要有自知之明，要以一种确保能维护其自尊的方式来行事。以自我为中心的行为被视为恶习。他们被告知：“努力工作可带来成就，同时又可带来自我满足感和自信。”
总结：成为你自己，保持警觉的几个准则。
In light of what we have discussed, we should regard individuality not as something we are born with but rather as something acquired—or, more precisely, earned. Individuality begins in the realization that it is impossible to escape being influenced by other people and by circumstance. The essence of individuality is vigilance.
鉴于我们前面已经讨论的内容，我们应该注意到个性并不是我们与生俱来的，而是后天的，或者更准确地说，是挣得的东西。个性开始于意识到无法逃脱他人和环境的影响。个性的本质是警觉。
1. Treat your first reaction to any person, issue, or situation as tentative. No matter how appealing it may be,refuse to embrace it until you have examined it.
1.将对任何人，问题或情况的第一反应视为的暂定的。不管它多么吸引人，拒绝接受它，直到你已经检验它。
2.Decide why you reacted as you did. Consider whether you borrowed the reaction from someone else—a parent or friend, perhaps, or a celebrity or fictional character on television. If possible, determine what specific experiences conditioned you to react this way.
2.判断你为什么会这样做。考虑你是否模仿别人的反应--父母、朋友、名人或者电视中虚构人物。如果可能，确定什么特定经历导致你这样反应。
3. Think of other possible reactions you might have had to the person, issue, or situation.
3.想想你可能对人，问题或情况可能有其他可能的反应。
4.Ask yourself whether one of the other reactions is more appropriate than your first reaction. And when you answer, resist the influence of your conditioning.
4.问自己其他反应是否比你的第一反应更合适。当你回答时，排除你所在环境影响。
