读英文文章时常见破折号:—
不过英文里的破折号和中文里的还不太一样,要怎么打出来呢?
在word里,英文输入状态下,按住Alt键,打0151,然后松开Alt键……
不信试试
英文破折号的用法很多,比如:
表示解释、补充,这也是最常用的:
It's an environmental issue. — That's not a small matter.
用于解释性的插入语,相当于一个括号:
During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.
放在引语前面,相当于一个冒号,或与分号一起用:
Uncle Wang laughingly answered—"No,no;stay where you are."
表示意思突然转折:
"And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;"but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it."
表示迟疑犹豫:
"I—I—I rather think —maybe—Amy has taken it."
总括前面列举的若干东西:
New house,larger schools,moresheep,more pigs and chickens,more horses and donkeys—everywhere we saw signs of prosperity.
不过,
英文中的破折号如果处理成中文,是不是也都用破折号呢?
不!一!定!
如果前后两个破折号引出的部分与第一个破折号之前的成分是修饰关系,就要用汉语的括号取代英语的破折号,比如:
Where limestone-based soils — which tend to neutralize acidity — predominated, the problem was lighter.在以具有石灰石地层的土壤(这种土壤常使酸性中和)为主的地区,这个问题常常没那么严重。
*which tend to... 修饰limestone-based soils的性质作用。
经济学人去年一篇讲用户隐私的文章里也出现了类似的用法:
Web browsers confine JavaScript—which is ubiquitous in web pages and advertisements, and runs automatically—to a “sandbox” supposed to prevent it from collecting private information.网络浏览器会把JavaScript(它在网页和广告中无处不在,并且自动运行)置入“沙箱”中,以防它搜集私人信息。
*which is ubiquitous...修饰JavaScript的特性。
还有一篇介绍流行文化的成因:
In his first book, “Hit Makers”, he analyses the psychology and economics of pop culture and argues that “hits”—the things that get everybody talking—are based on three rules that rely on more than creative genius alone.在他的第一本书《热门炮制者》(Hit Makers)中,汤普森分析了流行文化背后的心理学和经济学,并指出“大热门”(也就是人人议论的东西)的产生要遵循三条法则,所依赖的不止创意天赋。
*the things that...修饰hits的具体内容
如果前后两个破折号引出的部分与第一个破折号之前的成分是并列关系,那么破折号仍可保留,比如还是刚才那篇讲用户隐私的经济学人文章:
JavaScript code can, however, still communicate with the computer server that sent it—and this is enough for Dr Tromer.不过,JavaScript代码仍能与发送它的计算机服务器通信——而这对特拉马来说已经足够了。
*and this is... 与前文属并列关系。
还有这个句子,也是经济学人文章里哒:
Some places already use such charges—London and Singapore are examples—but they are rarely popular.有些地方已经开始征收此类费用——伦敦和新加坡就是例子,但这件事总归不怎么受欢迎。
*London and ...与前句属并列关系。
最后敲黑板总结一下,英文破折号—:
表修饰,处理成括号();
表并列,处理成破折号——。
译无定法,上述规则只是比较常见的套路和处理方式。具体的还要看文本和语境哦~~