TED Talk    How we read each other's minds?  我们如何解读他人的想法？  Speaker: Rebecca Saxe 第三课

And now what we've started to do in my labs to put children into the brain scanner and ask what's going on in their brain as they develop this ability to think about other people's thoughts. 现在我们实验室所做的就是扫描这些孩子的大脑，然后探索他们的大脑发生了什么，从而开发出思考别人想法的能力。

So the first thing is that in children we see this same brain region, the Right TPJ, being used while children are thinking about other people. 所以首先我们发现在相同的大脑区域，即RTPJ区域，孩子们在思考别人时候使用到了它。

But it's not quite like the adult brain. 但这又和成人的不太一样。

So whereas in the adults, as I told you, this brain region is almost completely specialized  那么成年人用那块区域思考呢？正我之前说的这片脑区域几乎完全是思考专用的 

【词义】 If sth. is specialized, it is designed or developed for a special purpose.

it does almost nothingelse except for thinking about other people's thoughts  它几乎不做其他任何事情，除了思考别人的想法

in children it's much less so, when they are age five to eight, the age range of the children I just showed you.  对于5到8岁的孩子来说这块区域很少这年龄段也就是刚刚给大家演示的孩子

And actually if we even look at eight to 11-year-olds, getting intoearly adolescence, they still don't have quite an adult-like brain region. 事实上，如果我们看下11岁大的也刚进入青春期的小孩他们依然没有类似于成人的脑区域

And so, what we can see is that over the course of childhood and even intoadolescence, 也就是说，我们能够可以在整个幼年期看到这一过程，即使进入了青春期，

both the cognitive system, our mind's ability to think about other minds, and the brain system that supports it are continuing, slowly, to develop.  对于两个认知系统一个我们去认知别人想法的能力另一个是大脑的基本系统都在持续的缓慢的发展

But of course, as you're probably aware, even in adulthood, people differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds, how often they do it and how accurately.   【填空】 当然，你也可能意识到即使是在成年人阶段人与人之间是否能准确的判断出他人的想法的区别取决于是否经常使用也取决于能够达到多精确

【跟读】People differ from one another in how good they are at thinking of other minds.

And so what we wanted to know was, could differences among adults in how they think about other people's thoughts be explained in terms of differences in this brain region? 那么我们想要知道的是，能否在成年人中区分出他们是如何思考别人的想法也就能解释出不同的大脑区域的关键

So, the first thing that we did is we gave adults a version of thepirate problem that we gave to the kids. 第一个做的事情就是拿出一个成人版的海盗问题类似于我们给小孩们做的一样

And I'm going to give that to you now.  我现在就拿出来给大家

【选择】-How do adults and children's RTPJ regions differ?    -The RTPJ region is more specialized in adults.

【选择】-Why are children less able to understand other's minds compared to adults?   -The RTPJ system in their brains haven't fully developed yet.

So Grace and her friend are on a tour of achemical factory, and they take a break for coffee. 【跟读】  葛瑞丝和她的朋友去化工厂参观然后她们中途去喝杯咖啡

And Grace's friend asks forsome sugar in her coffee.而且葛瑞丝的朋友想要加些糖

Grace goes to make the coffee and finds by the coffeea pot containing a white powder, which is sugar. 葛瑞丝就离开去弄咖啡并找到了一个装满咖啡的罐子还包括一些白色的粉，这粉末就是糖

But the powder is labeled "Deadly Poison," so Grace thinks that the powder is a deadly poison. And she putsit in her friend's coffee. 但是那个装有粉末的标签上却写着“剧毒” 所以葛瑞丝认为那些粉末就是一个剧毒物质接着

And her friend drinks the coffee, and is fine.  她把这东西放到了朋友的咖啡朋友喝了这玩意后呢，一切正常

How many people think it was morally permissible for Grace to put the powder in the coffee?    【跟读】  有多少人认同葛瑞丝把这粉末倒入咖啡在道德上是允许的呢？ 

【词义】【跟读】 If sth. is morally permissible, it is acceptable according to the principles of good behavior.

Okay. Good. So we ask people, how much should Grace be blamed in this case, which we call afailed attempt to harm?

好，很好! 对于这个案例中，我们问下有多少人认为葛瑞丝应该受到责备我们把这种行为称为故意伤害

And we can compare that to another case,where everything in the real world is the same. 我们可以拿它和其它例子比较在现实世界中

The powder is still sugar, but what's different is what Grace thinks.   【跟读】    如果粉末依然是糖，但要是葛瑞丝不是这么认为呢？

Now she thinks the powder is sugar. 现在她认为这些粉末就是糖。

And perhaps unsurprisingly, if Grace thinks the powder is sugar and puts it in herfriend's coffee, people say she deserves no blame at all. 也许毫无意外的，如果葛瑞丝认为粉末就是糖的话并把他们放到朋友的咖啡里面大家都认为她不应该受到任何责备。

Whereas if she thinks the powder was poison, even though it's really sugar, now people say shedeserves a lot of blame, even though what happened in the real world wasexactly the same. 但假如她认为粉末就是毒药，尽管事实是真的糖但大家就会认为她应该受到严厉的惩罚哪怕现实中这结果完全一样

And in fact, they say she deserves more blame in this case, the failed attempt to harm, than in another case, which we call an accident. 【填空】事实上，他们认为她应该受到更多的惩罚在这个案例中，企图伤害的行为不像上一个案例我们换称为“意外” 。

Where Grace thought the powder was sugar, because it was labeled "sugar" and by the coffee machine, but actually the powder was poison. 当葛瑞丝认为粉末是糖，因为咖啡机上的标签就是糖，但实际上粉末就是毒药。

So even though when the powder was poison, the friend drank the coffee and died,   . 在这个案例中，尽管粉末是毒药，朋友喝了咖啡然后就死去，

people say Grace deserves less blame in that case, when she innocently thought it was sugar, than in the other case, where she thought it was poison and no harm occurred大家会认为葛瑞丝应该少受些惩罚。但在上一个案例中，她认为是毒药，但没有危害。

People, though, disagree a little bit about exactly how much blame Grace should get in the accident case. 在这种情况下，葛瑞丝应该受到怎么样程度的惩罚，对于此，大家意见不一致。

Some people think she should deserve more blame, and other people less.  【跟读】  有人认为她应该受到更多的惩罚，而另一部分人认为应该少些惩罚。

And what I'm going to show you is what happened when we look insidethe brains of people while they're making that judgment.  下来我给大家观看下当我们做出决断时候我们大脑里面的样子

So what I'm showing you, from left to right, is how much activity there was in this brain region, and from top to bottom, how much blame people said that Grace deserved.   我要展示给你们的是，从左到右他们的活动究竟有多少。从上到下，人们认为葛瑞丝应该受到惩罚。

And what you can see is, on the left whenthere was very little activity in this brain region, people paid little attention to her innocent belief and said she deserved a lot of blame for the accident. 你能看到，在左边的脑区域只有很小的一部分是活动的人们只把一部分注意力放在无罪的想法然后说她应该为这个事故受到更多的惩罚不同的是。

Whereas on the right, where there was a lot of activity, people paid a lot more attention to her innocent belief, and said she deserved a lot less blame for causing the accident.  在右边，脑区域活动非常多人们把很多注意力放到了葛瑞丝应该为这个事故少程度些责任

【选择】-What did the experiment demonstrate?    -The RTPJ influences people's judgment about others.

【选择】-How is brain activity in the RTPJ related to the amount of blame people said Grace deserved?   -They are inversely propotional. 成反比例

【跟读】The experiment shows that the ability to understand others' thoughts develops gradually.