好的英语阅读材料有三大要求,分别是:
Read for pleasure.
Read for information.
Read for language improvement.
但遗憾的是,这样的资源少之又少。因此,若想让阅读为写作服务,动机就要进行调整。早在几十年前,英语泰斗葛传槼先生就曾提过,英语学习者在阅读时务当首重语言。
Whatever a learner of English reads, he should, in my opinion, regard the language as the main thing. For instance, on reading this preceding sentence, besides understanding its meaning, he should notice such points as the concessive use of "whatever", "in my opinion", "regard... as ..." and "the main thing". In this way, he does learn some English though what he reads may happen to be otherwise uninteresting or uninstructive. It may safely be said that this is a far better way of learning English composition than to read and consider the so-called principles of the subject. [1]
[译]不论一个英语学习者读什么东西,我认为他该把语言看作主要的东西。举例来说,读了前面这一句 ("Whatever a learner of English reads, he should, in my opinion, regard the language as the main thing.") ,除了了解它的意思以外,应该注意到"whatever"的让步用法、"in my opinion"、"regard... as..."和"the main thing"。这样,他的确学到一些英语,虽然他所读的东西在别的方面也许恰巧既没有趣味又没有教益。可以可靠地说,这种学习作文的方法比读而思考作文的原则要好得多。[2]
文中,葛先生举例说明了该如何“解文字”,即字斟句酌,精读语言。
因此,要想让阅读为写作服务,必先明确阅读目的,夯实语言基础,此为其一。
万丈高楼平地起,英语写作也是如此,靠所谓“模板”虽能解燃眉之急,但英语功底薄弱的真相仍会被考官一眼识破。认识到这一点,虽然还不能有效改善你的写作,但至少能让你避免被大部分写作培训班所忽悠。
请小伙伴们记住,雅思 (IELTS) 或托福 (TOEFL) 写作仅仅是考试,你需要实实在在地提高你的英语写作能力。
除重视语言基础这一方面以外,我们还要注意学以致用,此为其二。
所学表达如果不用,知识仍是死的,终将被大脑遗忘。这也难怪一些大学生吐槽自己背了一大堆单词或范文,最后口语和写作仍然是“零基础”。学得太多,用得太少。如果屏幕前的您也是在边背单词边学写作,我的建议是转而使用单词或表达,重拾一项写作技能——仿写。
联系到汉语写作,我们不难发现,从小学到高中,我们其实一直在进行仿写练习。
我记得上小学那会儿,语文课本后总会有各种练习,其中就有仿写造句练习。高中时,语文老师每次评讲作文,几乎都要分发范文,并给出批注。虽说大多数人看过后,作文水平仍不能突飞猛进,但却在潜移默化中学会了几个好词好句,明白了如何分析文章,并对句式结构有了更清晰的认识,而这也为后来形成自己的写作风格打下了基础。
英语亦是如此,我们完全可以结合阅读文本进行仿写练习。下面我会结合英语新闻,举几个例子,以供大家参考。
(1) Matthew struck the southwestern peninsula with winds of 125 mph (200 kph) and heavy rains that flattened homes, flooded villages, razed crops, swept away cattle and cut off the parts of the island. (2016/10/8 CNN) [3]
[参考译文]飓风“马修”突袭了这个西南半岛(注:海地),时速为125英里(约合200千米)的狂风和暴雨摧毁了房屋,淹没了村庄,荡平了庄稼,刮走了牛群,还隔绝了该岛的部分地区。
CNN这篇报道的高明之处不仅仅在于它的动词(多样),还在于“写实”,即让数据和具体损失来说话。这也体现了西方人的逻辑思维——注重定量分析,强调对事物进行量化研究。
这是一篇与自然灾害有关的报道,所以,我们可以将其迁移到相似场景,比如用来描述今年第2号台风“苗柏” (Typhoon Merbok) 给我国广东省所带来的巨大损失。
按气象台的数据,“苗柏”风速为每小时20公里,于是就有了下面这段文字:
Typhoon Merbok, the second typhoon of the year, struck southeast Guangdong with winds of 20 kph and heavy rains that flattened homes, flooded villages, razed crops, (swept away cattle) and cut off parts of the affected area.
点评:由于这两则新闻基于客观事实,相似度极高,因此可替换内容不多。
我们再来看下面这篇新闻报道。
(2) "Days such as these test our spirit," university president Michael Drake said in a note to students and staff, "But together we remain unified in the face of adversity."
"Our hearts go out to the families of those affected in Ohio -- a tragic attack. Our prayers are with them," said Vice president-elect Mike Pence in New York. (2016/11/29 Yahoo News) [4]
[参考译文]“我们的勇气经受着诸如这些时日的考验”,俄亥俄州立大学校长迈克尔·德雷克在致学生和教职工的一封信中说,“但只要团结起来,我们在不幸面前仍然上下一心。”
“我们非常同情俄亥俄州这起袭击惨剧的受害者家人,我们为他们祈祷。”美国当选副总统迈克·彭斯在纽约说道。
俄亥俄州立大学发生恐怖袭击后,学校和国家领导先后慰问全体学生、教职工以及受害者家属,所体现的同理心同样适用于与事故或不幸有关的其他情景。比如,去年笔者本人因手术住院,同事到病房探望,我曾据此写了一封感谢信 (a thank you note)。
November 29, 2016
Dear fellows,
Thanks for your lovely visit and sweet fruit.It was so thoughtful of you. Days such as these really test my spirit, but I will remain undaunted in the face of operation. I’m sure, your hearts will definitely go out to me and that your prayers will be with me in the tough times. I would like to invite both of you for dinner at home when I leave the hospital and you are available.
Please accept my sincere thanks and best wishes.
Yours,
Earnest
点评:这封信长句较多,内容略显拖沓,用词还需推敲,但沟通的目的已经达到,勉强合格,也给各位读者提个醒,写作一定要注意句式多样性。
(3) These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair. (Bertrand Russell: What I Have Lived For) [5]
[参考译文]这三种激情,像变化莫测的狂风,任意地把我刮来刮去,把我刮入痛苦的深海,到了绝望的边缘。(来源于网络)
上述英语原文摘自英国哲学家和文学家伯特兰·罗素的经典散文《我的生活目的》(What I Have Lived For),表达了爱、知识和怜悯三者对其人生的巨大影响。
后来笔者出院后,几乎照抄原文写了一篇随笔,请看:
December 8, 2016
My history in hospital one week ago was a sorry record, mostly because it was deemed a huge blow and loss in my life.
For one thing, I was unquestionably in the wrong–having been working overtime at the cost of my youth and health, albeit with limited rewards, either compliments or material wealth. For another, that harsh experience like a storm, has blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.
Whatever the case, I will continue to live a normal life. But where is my way out?
点评:散文的内容嫁接在随笔中,并无违和感,尽管我想突出的是这次住院的痛苦经历,而不是什么美好故事。记得当时身体与心理上的巨大创伤,让我对人生充满无尽迷茫和恐惧,后联想到罗素的这篇散文,遂有了这篇随笔。现在再看此文,倒觉得自己是在杞人忧天。
以上例子虽然不多,但都是笔者日常阅读积累所得,希望帮助大家重新认识英语阅读与写作的关系,学会进行仿写练习,从而写出更有文采的英语文章。
谢谢阅读。
推荐阅读:它才是真正的英语“红宝书”
参考文献
[1] 葛传槼. 《葛传槼向学习英语者讲话》[M]. 上海:上海译文出版社,2015,27-28
[2] 葛传槼. 《葛传槼向学习英语者讲话》[M]. 上海:上海译文出版社,2015,102
[3] CNN: Haiti death toll rising after Hurricane Matthew
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/10/08/americas/hurricane-matthew-death-toll-haiti/index.html
[4] Yahoo!: Ohio campus attacker identified as student angry at US interference
https://www.yahoo.com/news/ohio-campus-shooting-seven-hospitalized-tv-networks-155922676.html
[5] 黄源深. 《英国散文选读》(有声版) [M]. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2010,111