病机
•原位免疫复合物形成
Ø肾小球中某些固有的抗原或植入抗原能引起机体免疫反应而产生相应的抗体。这些抗体随血液循环到达肾脏后,与肾小球原位的上述固有抗原或植入抗原相结合,形成免疫复合物而造成肾小球的损伤。
•循环免疫复合物沉积
ØⅢ形变态反应,在血液中形成免疫复合物沉积于肾小球而引起肾小球的损伤。
•除此之外,针对肾小球细胞抗原的抗体可直接引起细胞损伤,即抗体依赖的细胞毒反应。
Mediatorsof Immune Glomerular Injury and Epithelial Cell Injury. A, Mediators of immuneglomerular injury, including effectorcells,molecules, and cells affected or injured. B, Visceral epithelial cell(podocyte) injury. The postulated sequence is a consequence of antibodiesagainst epithelial cell antigens, arriving in thecirculating blood (1) with subsequent activation of effector cells, includingpodocytes and mesangial cells (2). This leads to liberation of toxins,cytokines, or other effector molecules (3) that cause injury of podocytes,podocyte foot processes, and endothelial cells (4) with subsequent cell detachment, resulting inprotein leakage through the defective glomerular basement membrane andfiltration slits.
Antibody-MediatedGlomerular Injury. A,Normal structure of the glomerulus. Antibody-mediated glomerular injury canresult either from the deposition of circulating immunecomplexes (B) or from formation of complexes in situ (C and D). Usingimmunofluorescence microscopy (not shownhere),antiglomerularbasement membrane (anti-GBM) disease (C) and antiglomerular(visceral epithelial cell) disease (D) are characterized by linear patternsofimmunofluorescence deposition in glomeruli, whereas deposition of circulatingimmune complexes in glomeruli is characterized by granular (“lumpy-bumpy”)patterns
免疫介导的肾小球肾炎分类
•膜性肾小球肾炎 membranous glomerulonephritis
–Ig沉积在肾小球毛细血管基底膜,导致肾小球毛细血管基底膜弥漫性增厚
–PAS染色阳性、轻度纤维化
•膜增生性肾小球肾炎
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
–细胞增生(内膜细胞、上皮细胞、系膜细胞、炎症细胞)、基膜增厚
–增生性肾小球肾炎(如图):细胞增生>基膜增厚(犬)
–肾小球新月体
A. 增生性肾小球肾炎,猪。病变的特点主要是肾小球系膜细胞的增生B. 膜性肾小球肾炎,犬。病变特点是肾小球毛细血管基底膜的玻璃样增厚C. 膜增生性肾小球肾炎,马。膜增生性肾小球肾炎有明显增生性肾小球肾炎和膜性肾小球肾炎的病理特点。大量的球旁纤维围绕细胞增生(系膜细胞)的肾小球。系膜基质在肾小球右上角区域较为明显D. 肾小球硬化症,犬。由于纤维结缔组织和系膜基质的增加,导致细胞减少、收缩和透明变性,肾小球毛细血管几乎完全消失。当肾小球硬化时(慢性肾小球肾炎终末期),肾小球基本上丧失其功能。
•急性免疫复合物肾小球肾炎大体病变通常是轻微的。肾脏往往稍肿,表面平滑,颜色正常或苍白,切面皮质部肾小球明显,呈针尖大小红色圆球状
•病变呈亚急性或慢性时,肾皮质稍萎缩,表面呈细颗粒状。在切面,皮质变薄,表面可见灰白色点状肾小球
•膜性增生性肾小球肾炎的病变还包括
–肾小球毛细血管袢上皮细胞核肾小囊上皮细胞之间的粘连
–肾小囊壁层上皮细胞的肥大和增生
–纤维蛋白原沉积在肾小球毛细血管壁
–肾小球毛细血管发生纤维蛋白性血栓,继发或直接导致肾小球损害,肾小管管腔内充满均质的蛋白质液体。系膜基质增加也较常见
–如果转为亚急性或慢性肾小球病变,表现为肾小囊壁增厚,透明变性,重叠(reduplicated)
–在严重的情况下,囊壁层上皮细胞增殖,单核细胞浸润,纤维蛋白沉积于肾小囊,形成一个半圆形病变区→肾小球新月体。肾小球新月体也可以发送纤维化,如果肾小囊破裂,肾小球纤维化可与间质纤维化连接。慢性肾小球肾炎也可发生球旁和间质纤维化,局灶性淋巴细胞、浆细胞浸润、肾小球硬化