Lesson 55 Notagold mine
【New words and expressions】(19)
★gold n. 金子
gold watch；gold ring；golden sun 金色的太阳
golden adj.金色的, 宝贵的Silenceis golden.
goldenopportunity 宝贵的机会
golden sentence 黄金句型
I am glad to havethe golden opportunity to do sth.
goldfish n.金鱼platinum n.白金, 铂
★treasure n.财宝 (为总称, 没有复数)
‘treasureisland’ 《金银岛》
jewel n. 宝石 珠宝, (可数) diamond n.钻石
jewelry n.珠宝, 珠宝类 珠宝(总称, 不可数)
I have some jewels.= I have some jewelry.
jade n.碧玉 (不可数名词)jadepalace 翠宫饭店
★revealer n.探测器reveal v.揭示
★invent v.发明invention n.发明
★detect v.探测detective n.侦探
★pirate n.海盗, 盗印者, 盗版者, 侵犯专利权者
vt. 盗印, 盗版, 掠夺, 翻印 vi.做海盗
★arm ① n. 手臂；武器holdone's arm
Farewell! Arms 永别了, 武器
farewell int. 再会,别了!(永别或不容易再见面的意思) ② v. 武装be armedwith … 用……来武装
be coveredwith 被……覆盖
★soil 土壤 (能生长植物的地方)
earth n.泥土 (泥巴)
★entrance n.入口
entrance of/to… ……的入口exit n.出口, 太平门, 退场, 去世；vi. 退出, 脱离, 去世
★thoroughly adv.彻底地
completely/thoroughly/totally
★confident n.有信心的confidence n.信心
be confident ofdoing sth. 有信心做……
be confident that +从句 有信心做……
【课文讲解】
1、Dreams of
finding lost treasure almost came true recently.★dream n.梦；v. 做梦① n. 梦想
dreams come true 梦想成真
dreams ended 梦想破灭了, 梦断了
dream of … ……的梦
② v. 做梦dream ofdoing sth.
come true 变成现实，(预言、期望等)成为事实，
2、A new machine called 'The Revealer' has beeninvented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in theground.
一句话中只有一个动词, 如果再出现动词, 可以用and并列连接, 也可以变成复合句, 用when, because连接, 还可以使这个动词表示动词意思, 但不做谓语, 即非谓语动词
过去分词做定语, 表示 “被”，如ploughed field
n. +called 被称之为……的……(如果用短语修饰其他词, 则把短语放在被修饰词的后边)
be used to do sth. 被用来……used todo 过去常常
同位语从句中的引导词只有一个that，不会用which
in the ground (更习惯于用“underthe ground” )
3、The machinewas used in a cave near the seashore where -- it is said -- pirates used tohide gold.
it is said是插入语，当“据说”讲。
4、The pirateswould often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.
would表示过去的习惯性动作, 但此处表示 “used to” 过去常做
fail to dosth. 未能、不能、忘记做某事项 (fail后面接动词不定式表示否定)
collect的含义之一为“(去)取，接”
5、Armed with the new machine, a search partywent into the cave hoping to find buried treasure.
如果几个句子的主语是同一事物, 则可以把几个句子合并为一个句子。保留一个句子做主句, 其他的变成非谓语动词。非谓语动词采用何种形式, 则根据其与主语的关系, 如果是主动关系, 用-ing, 被动关系, 则用动词的-ed形式.主句与其他句子的位置安排要保持句子的平衡, 还要注意动作的连贯
The boy went home.The boy was crying. The boy was beaten.=Beaten by sb, the boy went home,crying.
arm(ed) with 可以表示“带着、装着、穿着”等
6、Very excited, the party dug a hole two feeldeep.
Very exciting,… 形容词短语做状语
Tired, I went
home./ I went home tired.句子顺序不同, 表达的意思也不同
two feet deep“数词+量词+形容词”结构可以做定语； 也可以做表语
long/wide/high/deep，人有多高用“tall”
7、In spite ofthis, many people are confident that 'The Revealer' may reveal something ofvalue fairly soon.
in spite of /though / even if 尽管
something ofvalue
of表示其所修饰的名词具有某种性质、状况，of加名词往往让人联想这名词对应的形容词
The news is ofgreat importance to us.
of value＝valuable 有价值的
of small value 价值很小(= almost worthless)
形容词要放在不定代词的后边
something important=something of importance
someone patient=someone of patience
【Key structures】
表示过去习惯性动作
当我们提到过去某一特定时间时, 我们有时可用would来代替used
to，有时则不可以，而且would需要指出具体时间，used
to则不需要。
当used to暗示与现在的对照时，不可用would替换： I used to drink heavily, but I have
given up drinking now./当used to描写过去的状态时，也不可与would互换，would只表示过去特有的习惯或行为：
当used to不强调与现在的对比时，可与would互换。但一个故事开头时不用would，必须首先用一般过去时或used to描述背景，然后用would表示习惯性动作：
【Special difficulties】
use, be used to,used to
use vt.用，使用，运用，应用
be used to 习惯于(后面跟名词或动名词，be也可用get等代替) used to 过去习惯……(表示过去有而现在通常已不存在的习惯，只用于一般过去时，后面只能跟动词不定式)
Gold and Golden
Glod ① n. 金，黄金，金币，金块
② adj. 金的All that
glitters is not gold. (all…is not…不是所有的，部分否定not all)
golden adj.金色的，(机会等)非常好的，兴盛的
【Multiple choice questions】
4 Pirates used tohide gold there. ___d___.
a. and they alwaysdo b.and they still do
c. and they stilldo sometimes d.that's what they would do That’s what 那就是……事
题目 “Pirates used
to hide gold there, .....” 应该用句号, 而不应该用逗号
两个句子中间必须加“and 或but” 等连词, 或是用句号隔开。一句话当中只有一个主语, 一个动词, 叫简单句，出现两个以上的动词要用连词连接。两个句子可以是主从句，可以把一个动词用为动词, 而把其他的动词改装为非谓语动词
8‘The Revealer’is avery good ___a___.
a.machine b.engine c.machinery d.mechanic
machine n. 机器(可数名词)engine n.发动机
machinery n. [总称] 机器, 机械 机器(总称, 一般后边不会加s, 前面也不加a)mechanic n. 技工, 机修工, 机械士revealer n.探测器
【New words and expressions】(11)
★sound n.声音
① n. 声音 任何声音都可以
voice人的声音noise 和周围不和谐的声音, 躁音
② v. 听起来
③ adj. 合理的(等于reasonable adj.合理的, 有道理的, 通情达理的, 讲道理的)
soundly adj.香甜的sleep soundly
★excitement n.激动, 兴奋
to one's excitement… 令某人激动的是……
The most exciting
thing is that 最令人激动的是……
The most surprisingthing about it is that 最令人惊讶的事情是It
excited me that 让我激动的是……
★handsome adj.漂亮的, 美观的形容男孩, 英俊, 一般与男孩子连.handsome与人连用有阳刚的美，与物相连表示美观大方，并表示制作精良；handsome跟女性连用的时候就表示这个女孩子有阳刚气，类似女侠的概念beautiful形容人的时候表示内在和外在美的统一, 完美的概念
pretty adj.美丽(用于女孩或小孩)，有柔美的意思pretty跟男性连用就表示没有阳刚气，女性化
nice adj.美好的(人，天气, 食物, 物品的品质等)
lovely adj.可爱的good-looking adj.很好看的
smart adj.小巧而美丽的(物)或时髦而美丽的(人)
cute adj.漂亮, 常用来形容小孩
★explosion n.爆炸, 轰响
explosive n. 爆炸物,炸药；adj. 爆炸(性)的, 爆发(性)的, 暴露explode vt. 使爆炸；vi.爆炸, 爆发, 破除, 推翻, 激发bomb n.炸弹；vt. 投弹于, 轰炸
★course ① n. 跑道，行程
on the course 按照轨道运行offcourse 偏离轨道
of course 当然② n. 课程
★rival n.对手competition n.竞争, 竞赛
The person whotakes part in the competition.
competitor n.竞争者, 对手
opposite n. 相反的事物；adj. 相对的, 对面的, 对立的, 相反的, 对等的, 对应的
opponent n. 对手, 反对者(持反对意见的人, 如辩论赛上的和政治上的) enemy n.敌人
rival adj.势均力敌的；n. 势均力敌的对手
★speed(sped，sped) ① v. 疾驶，急行
The two men spedout of the room.
② n. 速度at thespeed of 以……的速度
在车后的3 speed/4
speed表示档位
speed up 速度的增加, 加速；slowdown 减速
blow up 风力的增加
★downhill adv.下坡
downstairs 下楼；upstairs 上楼
go down stairs/godownhill 下山
downtown n.&adj.&adv.市中心的商业区(反意词uptown 远离商业区)
【课文讲解】
1、Once a year,a race is held for old cars.
=Old car race isheld once a year.
once +表示时间的名词 每……一次
be held for 比赛为……而举行
2、A lot ofcars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitementjust before it began.
enter for 报名参加
a great deal of +不可数名词 大量的……
a great number of/a
great many +可数名词 许多……
a large amount of +不可数名词
just before =just 起强调作用
3、One of themost handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost.
one of 直接作主语的时候, 它是做单数看待的.如果在定语从句中出现了one of作为先行词，它后边的关系代词指代的是后面的复数名词；如果在one of前面还有一修饰词only，那么后边的关系代词将指代one这个词，才作单数看
4、Many of thecars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their carsthan in them! many cars 许多车子；many of the cars 车子当中的许多
break down 车子抛锚，(机械等)出故障，出毛病
under the car指在车下面修理；in the car指正常驾驶。句中的under和in都是斜体，英文中的斜体字起强调作用
5、The winningcar reached a speed of forty miles an hour -- much faster than any of itsrivals.
the wining car 获胜车
a speed of +数量词 速度为……
much faster 快得多；a little faster 快一点
any of its rivals＝anyrival 任何一个
any 在比较级中一旦出现, 它往往要加可数名词的单数Beijing is bigger than any other city. (注意 “other” 不能丢)如果是不定代词, 可以说someone
else, anyone else；如果不是不定代词, 要在名词前加other.
6、It speddownhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying tostop it.
at the end of… 在……的末尾/最后部分
have trouble (in)doing sth. 干……有麻烦，做……很困难(trouble既可数又不可数)
7、The racegave everyone a great deal of pleasure.
give sb.+n. 给某人……
give sb. pleasure
It will give sb. agreat deal of pleasure.
=There was a greatdeal of excitement.
give sb a fright /
a surprise 吓了一跳/给某人惊喜
8、It was verydifferent from modern car races but no less exciting. be different from 和……不同
no more和no less都表示“和……一样”, 相当于only, the same no lessexciting 一样的激动
no more thanyou 和你一样
表示“和……不相同”用not more=
more；not less= less not less exciting 更令人激动
【Letter writing】
常用开头语：
I am sorry it has taken me so long to write,but…
I was glad to hear from you at last and tolearn that…
【Key structures】
比较关系的句型
as…as 和……一样the same (…) as 与……相同/同样.有时the same可以单独使用：
My mother is much younger than yours.
She isn’t! They’re about the same age.
Those two dress are the same.
not so…as / notas…as 不如……
different from 与……不同(different前面可加very，much，a little等修饰语)
litte和few在口语中多用not much，not many代替：
There isn’t much sugar/aren’t many sweets,but you can have a little/few.
much和many通常用于否定句和疑问句(正式文体除外)。在日常谈话中，通常避免在肯定句中使用much和many，而用别的数量词。口语中用得最多的表示“许多”的数量词是a lot of，它既可以与复数可数名词连用也可以与不可数名词连用，后面的动词用单数还是复数取决于名词。比a lot of正式一些的表达方式有：a great/good deal of+不可数名词，a great/good/large number of+复数名词，a
great/good many of+复数名词。
在what引导的感叹句中不用much/many：
What a lot of sweets Tom’s bought!
I am lesslucky. 我还不如他们幸运.
more exciting 更激动= notless exciting.
【Special difficulties】
Handsome,Beautiful, Pretty, Good-looking
handsome adj.漂亮的，英俊的，一般用来形容男子，也可以指东西的制作精良beautiful 美丽的，给人美感的，令人愉悦的，完美的，强调内在和外在的结合，用来形容女子、孩童、花草、服饰等，一般不用来形容男子的长相pretty漂亮的，可爱的，令人怜爱的，强调女孩和小孩的外表美丽good-looking好看的标致的，美貌的，男女均适用
Reach and Arrivein/at
reach vt.到达，达到(适用的范围比较广，不仅仅限于地点)When you reach my age, you’ll be able to understand it.
arrive vi.到达，抵达
【Multiple choice questions】
4 ___c___in1885, so it was the oldest car in the race.a. It built b. Built c. It was built d. Having built一个简单句只有一个主语+一个动词, 如果出现了两个动词, 那么用“and,but,so” 等连接；变成带有从句和主句的复合句；留一个作主干, 剩下的动词变为非谓语动词；有介词短语替代动词概念, 如: the boy in black
5 It was the
oldest car taking part. There wasn't ___a___one. not +比较级 =最高级
a. an older b.the oldest c. an elder d. the eldest
elder 意为 “年长的”，一般作定语用，不用作比较
6 It reacheda speed of forty miles an hour. It ___c___ forty miles an hour.
a. ran b.ran with c. went at d. drove with
用于 “速度” 的介词只有“at”
12 It wentfaster than any of its rivals. It went faster than its ___c___.
a. opponents b.enemies c. competitors d. partners
opponent两个持相反观点的对手
partner伙伴, 搭档(合作关系的伙伴)
从下玩到大的伙伴用 :
friend 或company
Lesson 57 Can I help you,madam?
【New words and expressions】(8)
★madam n. (对妇女的尊称)太太; 夫人
ma’am n. <口>夫人, 太太, 女士, 小姐= madam
★jeans n.牛仔裤
trousers n.裤子, 长裤pants n.裤子, 短裤
★hesitate v.犹豫, 迟疑hesitation
n. 犹豫, 踌躇
hesitate to dosth. 犹豫做……
make up one's mind 下决心做……
withouthesitation 毫不犹豫
★serve v.接待(顾客)
① vt.&vi. 帮佣，当仆人，给……干活
serve sb. 为某人而服务Mary served (in) the family as a cookfor more than ten years.
②vt.&vi. 服务；服役；供职
She served the firmas a secretary for two years.
③ vt.&vi. 接待(顾客)
The assistant waseager to serve her this time.
service n.服务, 服务性工作, 服役, 仪式；vt. 保养, 维修
adj.(军队)服现役的, 服务性的, 仆人的, 耐用的
At yourservice. 乐于为您效劳。
★scornfully adv.轻蔑地
look downupon/on 看不起，瞧不起……
★punish v.惩罚punishment n.惩罚
capitalpunishment 极刑
★fur n.裘皮mink n.貂皮
★eager adj.热切的, 热情的beeager to do sth.
【课文讲解】
1、A woman injeans stood at the window of an expensive shop.
do windowshopping (表示在橱窗外面购物)
2、Though shehesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that wasin the window.
for a moment不一定要与现在完成时连用,也可以是一般现在时, 只要这个动词是延续性动词就可以
ask to do sth. 请求做某事
3、Theassistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
dress sb. 给某人穿衣服
I dressmyself. 自己给自己穿衣服(反身代词是不能做主语的,故I am dressed.)
dress表示“穿着，打扮”时常用被动语态be dressed in
the way 可以直接加定语从句, 不需要引导词
The way she eats
annoyed me. 她吃饭的样子让我烦
4、Afterseeking out the rude assistant, she asked for the same dress .seek out 找出, 找到
He sought out the thief in the crowd.
6、Not realizing who she was, the assistant was
eager to serve her this time. 现在分词短语代替一个分句位于句首时，其否定形式是在它前面加上not，without或never等否定词。这些词有时可互换，有时则不可：Not/Without/Never hesitating for a moment, he ran after the thief.
Not being able to open the door, I asked myneighbour for help.
eager，glad，pleased，sorry等描述感觉的形容词作表语时往往跟不定式They are all eager to come.
【语法精粹】
2.___c__an answerfrom the committee, he was worried.
a. Having notgot b. Getting not
c. Not havinggot d. Having not been got
7、With great difficulty,he climbed into the shop window to get the dress.
with great
difficulty/trouble，with在这里表示行为方式。He lifted the boxwith ease/difficulty.
8、She enjoyedherself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window beforefinally buying the dress she had first asked for.
enjoy oneself doingsth. 从……中得到乐趣
enjoy sth.enjoydoing sth
make sb. dosth. 使某人做某事
【Summary writing】
1、Though the
woman in jeans hesitated for a moment,she entered an expensive shop and asked
for/to see the dress in the shop window.第一步写单句, though后面加一个从句, 第一个句子和第二个都做主句并列, 则though后还有第三个从句, though后面有从句是第一个和第二个并列,但还有个主句
2、On being
told by an assistant that the dress was sold,①The woman returned thefollowing morning dressed in a fur coat.
②When the woman returned ,shewas dressed in a fur coat. / the woman returned , when she was dressed in a furcoat.
by +主动语态中的主语
前后两句的强调点不同, 本句中应强调 “return” , 故后面一句更好, 这属于tiny mistake(微小的错误), 当然第一句最好, 另外应注意句子的平衡, 也应将“when” 放后面
4、After makingthe assistant bring…, the women finally bought the dress she had....../Thewoman finally bought what she had first asked for.
【Letter writing】
在信的开头常的下面两个句型：
What a surprise itwas to …
在to do sth. 的结构当中，可以在前面表达动作由谁做, 加一个“for sb.”
It is important forme to do sth.
What a surprise it was for you to send me flowers.
Forgive me for notwriting earlier, but 我很抱歉我这么久没给你写信
I apologize. / I doapologize. 我真的很抱歉!(do 其强调作用)Your apology is accepted.
【Key
structures】
At, In, Off andWith
在表示地点和位置时，说话人的个人角度会影响对介词的选择。at通常用于表示居住地点和某个停留地点、工作地点等，而in表示里面或包围的含义：
I'll see you at thestation. 我将到车站送你.
On the way home, westopped at a small village.
There were a lot ofpeople in the street.
Let's go for a walkin the park. off常与动词连用，表示位置的变化，即“与……分离”，可译为“脱掉，脱落”(相当于away from或down from的意思)等，其反义词为on：
The lid came offeasily. 这个盖子很容易掉.
The pencil rolled
off the table.铅笔滚到桌子下去了.
描写人时，in通常用于表示穿着，后面加衣服或颜色，with则表示身上的某个具体特征或随身带着、拿着什么：He looks handsomein that uniform.
That man with long
hair is supposed to be a poet. 那个留着长发的男人应该是个诗人.
The police arelooking for a man with a scar on his face. /A child came along with a brown dog
【Special Difficulties】
Make and Let
make和let后面都跟不带to的不定式，但意义上和用法上有区别：
make+名词/代词+不带to的不定式，表示“迫使，致使”： What made him change his mind?
在被动语态中含有上述意义的make后面必须带to：
He was made to work fourteen hours a day.
let用于祈使句，建议包括说话者在内的人采取某一行动：Let’s notwaste any more time.
其否定形式除“Let’s
not…”外也可以用“Don’t let’s…”：Don’tlet’s waste any more time.
let+名词/代词+不带to的不定式，表示“允许”：
Don't let himpersuade you.
如果宾语是us，则不能缩写成let’s：
Please let us have more time, will you?
let后面可以跟一个被动的、不带to的不定式：
He let it be known that the house was his.
但let一般不用于被动意义来表示“被允许”，这时可用allow。We were not allowed to speak.
【Multiple choice questions】
5 After___b___out the rude assistant she asked for the same dress. a. she was seekingb. she had sought c. sought d. when she sought after, before后面一定要加两种概念：句子或V+ing，after后面不能接进行时态
9 Shereturned the following day. She returned the day ___c___. a. other b.next c. after d. else
else放在不定代词或疑问代词后面,
who else，anyone else，else不跟名词other, next都作形容词用, 单个形容词修饰一个名词一定要放在被修饰词之前, the next day，the other books.after =later可以放在结尾, 副词表达式 three days later / three days
afterafter 与 before 相对应, 可以放在句末作副词用I've never seen it before.
【语法精粹】
1、The ___b___news made them _____.
a.excited/exciting b.exciting/excited
c. exciting/to beexcited d.excited /excited
make sb. do sth.；make sth. +形容词
Make the room warm.
4、Many of ourdreams ___d___ impossible in the past have come true.
a. wereconsidered b. to be considered
c. considering d.considered
不定式除了表示目的外，还可以表示将要发生的事(在时间上)V-ing表示动作处于现阶段，表达主动；V-ed 表示已经做过了，表达被动.
6、After awhole day’s heavy work,the old worker returned home,____a___
a. hungry andexhausted b.hungry and exhausting
c. hungry and beingexhausted d. huangry and exhaust
exhaust vt.用尽, 耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽；vi. 排气n. 排气, 排气装置；adj. 用不完的, 不会枯竭的
形容词短语作状语
Lesson58 Ablessing indisguise?
【New words and expressions】(16)
★blessing n.福气, 福分
bless v.保佑Bless my country. 保佑我的国家
God bless you!=Bless you! 上帝保佑你
★disguise n.伪装in disguise 穿着伪装的
a wolf indisguise 披着羊皮的狼, 被伪装的狼
a blessing indisguise 因祸得福a curse in disguise
(curse n. 诅咒, 咒语, 祸根, 祸因；vt. 诅咒, 咒骂, 降祸, 使受罪)
★tiny adj.极小的tiny = very very small
★possess v.拥有sb. possess sth. 某人有某物
possession n.拥有, 占有, 所有, 着迷, 领土, 领地, 财产(常用复数), 自制
in one'spossession 某人有某物
★cursed adj.可恨的被诅咒的, 邪恶的
★increase vt.增加add为vt；grow为vi
★plant v.种植 强调把东西给种下去
plant tree 种树(只是种, 活不活不管)
Tree Plantingday 植树节
grow v.生长grow sth. 种庄稼(不但种, 还要让它生长)
★church n.教堂 加the 表示地点；church不加the和功能有关go to the church 去教堂玩I am at thechurch. 在教堂玩go
to church 去教堂做礼拜
I am atchurch. 做礼拜
★evil adj.坏的= wicked adj. 邪恶的
★reputation n.名声
goodreputation 好名声；bad reputation 坏名声
fame n.名声(一定是好名声), 名望, 传说, <古>传闻famous adj.著名的, 出名的, <口>极好的, 令人满意的
★claim v.以……为其后果
claim = take 拿, 索取
claim可以表示(疾病、意外等)夺去(生命)
The accident claimed a few lives.
★source n.来源
resource n.资源(一次又一次的来源，re-又)
reread vt.重读, 再读
sauce n.沙司, 酱油, 调味料；vt. 调味, 使增加趣味(读音与source相同)
★income n.收入
rent v.租，租借，出租；n. 租金
interest n.兴趣，关心，重要性，影响，利息，利益，利害 vt. 使发生兴趣，引起……的注意
bonus n.奖金, 红利
DINK-丁克家族double income， no，kids
kid n.哄骗，取笑，开玩笑，小孩，小山羊；v. 哄骗，取笑，开玩笑，欺骗
【课文讲解】
1、The tiny villageof Frinley is said to possess a 'cursed tree'.
There/名词主语/代词主语+be said to do sth. 据说…(对不太有把握的事发表看法时一种谨慎的说法)
There is said to be a great deal of oil inAfrica.
It’s not as old as
it’s said to be.它并不像人们所说的那么古老。
it is saidthat… 据说……
用于这种结构的动词除了say之外，还有believe，know，find，fear，think等：
the tiny village of
Frinley 弗林利这个小村庄，其中介词of表示的是同位关系：
the city ofBeijing 名叫北京的城市
at the age oftwenty 20岁时
a height of threefeet 三英尺的高度
2、Because thetree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to Frinley has nowincreased.
mention vt.提到, 提及
in a newspaper 强调报纸里面的内容
on thenewspaper 与报纸内容无关, 如你自己在报纸上记了什么东西时用“on”
a number of…＝lotsof… 许多……(后跟可数名词的复数，做复数看待，从前往后翻, 强调后面的东西)the number of… 的数量/总数(后跟可数名词的复数，但做单数看，从后往前翻, 强调数量)
3、The tree wasplanted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that ithas gained an evil reputation.
it is/was …(被强调部分that/who(m)+ 从句) 万能强调结构gain＝get 得到
4、It is saidthat if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, hewill die.
英语中分号可以断开两个句子
anyone 任何人，与 he 相对应
If anyone wanted togo there, he will do sth.
5、The vicarhas been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused.
sb. be asked to dosth. 被请求做某事，sb.做事
have sth. done 使某事被做，叫别人完成某事
make sth. done 让某事被做
Could you makeyourself known? 你能让别人知道你吗?(你的自我介绍)=Could you introduce yourdself? 你能自我介绍一下吗?
make的用法：make +宾语+宾补；make +sb.+do 让某人做某事；make +sth.+done 让别人做某事
so far 迄今为止(常与现在完成时连用)
6、He haspointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have beencoming from all parts of the country to see it.
point out =explain 指出，解释
7、In spite ofall that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves and cutting theirnames on the tree-trunk. in spite of 尽管，虽然；不顾，不管
in spite of all that… = in spite of what 尽管……
8、So far, notone of them has been struck down by sudden death!
not one of＝none of 一个人也没有……，单数≠no one of(no one不能加of)
be struck down 被打倒(stike down 使……生重病，杀死)poverty-struck 穷困潦倒(poverty n.贫穷, 贫困, 贫乏, 缺少)
【Letter writing】
常用开头语：
You will be glad to hear that…
Thank you for letting me know that…
【Special difficulties】
Increase and Grow
increase vt. &vi.增加，增大，增长，增强
The firm has increased his salary.
grow vi.增长，长，成长，生长
grow＝increase(表示数量增长)
The number isincreasing/growing.
Gain and Earn
gain vt. 获得，得到(＝get sth.)；受益，获益(earn无此含义)earn vt. (通过努力)获得，得到；赚钱(gain无此含义)earn money 挣钱earn one's living 谋生
It has gained/earned an evil reputation.
【Multiple choice questions】
9 The numberof visitors has increased. The number has ___a__ a. grown b.grown up c.overgrown d. grown old
grown up 成长(只与人连用)overgrow 过度成长
grown old 变老了,不译为 “长老了”
grow 一般作为实义动词,后面加介词或副词,一旦后面加了形容词,不再表示 “生长” 的意思,将表示 “变得” =get
10 Ithas___d___ an evil reputation.
a. won b.beaten c. profited d. earned
win v. 赢得(通过比赛或竞争) ；beat v. 打败(后加对手) profit n.利润, 益处, 得益；vi. 得益, 利用；vt. 有益于, 有利于gain = get 获得
【New words and expressions】(8)
★bark v.狗叫The dog is barking.
sb. is barking. 某人在咆哮
★press ① vt.&vi. 按，挤，压
She pressed my handwarmly. 她热情地握我的手。
② vt. 挤取，榨取(……的汁)
If you preferjuice, you can press some oranges.
③ vt. 催促，敦促，竭力劝说
My parents pressedme to enter for the competition.
I don’t like to bepressed. 我不喜欢被人催促。
pressure n.压, 压力, 电压, 压迫, 强制, 紧迫
★paw n.脚爪
cat's paw 被利用的人(由寓言而来)
★latch latch n.门闩(庭院，花园中的门闩)
bar n.门闩(与latch不同)
★expert n.专家
expert at/in sth. 在某一方面是专家
expert at/in doingsth.
★develop ① vt. &vi. 发展，扩展
The village hasdeveloped into a town now.
developingskills 发展技巧
fluency in English 流利英语(fluency n.流利, 流畅, 雄辩)developing country 发展中国家 ； developed country 发达国家
V-ed 强调已经，V-ing 强调正在，有时态的区别
boiling water 滚开水 ；boiled water 开水
develop thefilm 冲洗胶卷
② vt. &vi.(逐渐)显现出，产生，获得，养成
She developed an
interest in swimming. 她对游泳产生了兴趣。
★habit n.习惯(指个人习惯)
custom n.风俗，习俗；customs n.海关；customer n.顾客
★remove v. 拆掉取下remove
sth. from 从……挪走
【课文讲解】
1、Our dog,
Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and dark. front gate 前门would＝used to 过去常常
2、Every timehe wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate.
The dog used tobark the front gate to let(make) somebody open the door.
every time＝when 每当，每次，无论何时(后面可以是点时间，也可以是段时间)
the monment＝as soon as一……就……(强调瞬间)
3、As theneighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him topress his paw on the latch to let himself in. complaim of… 抱怨……
It takes sb. sometimes to do sth. 某事花了某人多少时间(事情做主语)
train sb. to dosth. 训练某人做某事
let sb. dosth. 让某人做某事
let sb. In/ out /down让某人进来/出去/失望
press his paw onthe latch = press the latch
press the button /press the figure on the button
4、However,when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near thegate.
going out shopping 加了out 强调外出
5、Yesterday myhusband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since.
so…that… 如此……以至于，结果状语从句，可以省略一个词，so 或 that 都可以
so that 以便于……，为了(目的状语从句)
since(在句尾) = since
then : 从那时起到现在为止
【Special difficulties】
To，In order to，So as to，So that，In
order that表达目的几种方式
not to可以用来表示取舍：Iwent to France not to study French, but to study chemics.
so as not to/in order
not to可以用于表示“以防”：
在bring，buy，need，take，use，want等动词后经常用宾语加to不定式，用来表示宾语的目的。
I need a spoon to eat this ice cream with.
连词so that，in order that可以引导目的状语从句。目的状语从句必须具备一个特征, 在动词前面一定要出现情态动词，当主句用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般将来时的时候，so that和in order that后面可以跟may，can或will；当主句用一般过去时、过去进行时或过去完成时的时候，so that和in order that后面可以跟should，could，might或would。I arrivd early so that/in order that I
might not miss anything.当前后主语不一致时，不定式前面加for +名词/代词比that结构更简洁，不定式的逻辑主语for sb. to do sth.
He was barking forsomeone to let him out.
=He was barking sothat someone would let him out.
Lesson 60 The future
【New words and expressions】(6)
★relation n.亲属
① n. (事物间的)关系，关联(不可数)
I know little about
the relation of/between time and space.② (国家、人民之间的)关系，往来(可数)
They have brokenrelations with that firm.
③ n. 亲戚，亲属(可数)
【课文讲解】
1、A relationof yours is coming to see you.
a relation ofyours 您的一个亲戚(双重所有格)
句中的现在进行时表示将要发生的事情。
2、The momentyou leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. the moment = as soon as 一……就……(在这个连词引导的时间状语从句中要用一般现在时来表示将来时)
3、That is all.
口语中表示“完了，就这些，事情就是这样”
4、As soon as Iwent outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towardsme.
这句话中的all是代词，表示“一切，全部，所有的事”，它作主语时被视为单数：
All I can remember is her name.
hurry towardssb. 向某人匆匆走去
5、Your sisterwill be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her.
must be表示用现在时态指将来的状况，这句话也可变成：We must go to the station to meet her.
【Key structures】
表示将要发生的事情
在英语中，现在进行时也可用来表示为将来安排好的活动和事件。这种用法通常需要一个表示时间的状语(往往是不久的将来)。arrive，come，go，leave等动词的进行式经常有这种用法，表示行程安排有关的“将到达，将离去”等意思：
We’re spending next winter in Australia.
He’s meeting the vicar in two days’ time.
当时间状语从句表示将来时，在after，as soon as，before，by the time，the moment，till，until和when等后面通常不用一般将来时而用一般现在时；不用将来完成时而用现在完成时。这两种现在时态在时间连词后面常常可以互换：The Thompsons will move to a new flat when their baby is/ has beenborn.
I’ll make it before he comes.
在第1类条件句中，if之后通常用一般现在时表示将来可能发生的事：If he gets the job,he’ll be going abroad./ I’ll give her a meal if she’s hungry.
【Special Difficulties】
由名词+名词构成的复合名词
第一个名词通常起形容词(或修饰语)的作用，而且一般都用单数。这类复合名词可以代替of结构，如a car key(汽车钥匙)，a
chair leg(椅子腿)；也可以理解为第一个名词指地点，第二个词指该地点中的东西，如a village pub(乡村酒吧)，a
world record(世界纪录)，a kitchen
sink(厨房洗涤槽)；也可以表示时间，如a Christams
card(圣诞卡)，an evening dress(晚礼服)，afternoon tea(下午茶)；也可以表示分类，如a horror film(恐怖电影)，a
flower shop(花店)，a taxi-driver(出租车司机)；也可以表示材料，如a fur coat(裘皮大衣)，a gold watch(金表)，cigarette ends(香烟头)。
Lesson61 Trouble with the Hubble
【New words and expressions】(17)
★space n.空间(指宇宙空间)
room n.空间(不可数)；房间(可数)
Could you make roomfor me?
★robot-arm n.机器手
robot n.机器人, 遥控设备, 自动机械, 机械般工作的人
【课文讲解】
1、The Hubbletelescope was launched into space by NASA on April 20,1990 at a cost of over abillion dollars.
at a cost of … 造价为……耗资，以……的价格/费用
NASA= National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (美国)国家航空和宇宙航行局(单词縮写一般都是组织或者机构)
2、Right fromthe start there was trouble with the Hubble. right from the start 从最开始(right起强调作用) trouble with… 关于……有麻烦
3、The picturesit sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty!
fault n.错误 ；faulty adj.有错误的
Sorry, it's myfault.
4、NASA is nowgoing to put the telescope right, so it will soon be sending up four astronautsto repair it.
put sth. right 修好(故障等)，校正，纠正
send up 往上送
5、The Hubblewill tell us a great deal about the age and size of the universe.
a great deal 大量 agreat deal of… 大量的……
7、By the timeyou read this, the Hubble's eagle eye will have sent us thousands and thousandsof wonderful pictures.
by the time 到那时engle eye 鹰眼，锐利目光
His father’s eagle eye is always on him.
thousands andthousands of 成千上万的
【Letter Writing】
常见的书信开头：
I have not heardfrom you for some time, so…
It was very kind ofyou to…
【Key structures】
将来完成时、将来进行时和将来完成进行时
将来完成时的构成：will
have done，表示到将来某一时刻已经完成的动作，必须和某个时间状语连用，强调到将来某一点时间动作的结束。
将来进行时的构成：will be doing，表示将来某个时候正在进行的动作或表示计划好的事，陈述将来的事实。They will be arriving here tomorrow.
将来完成进行时的构成：will
have been doing，表示某种状况一直持续到说话人所提及的时间，从某一点发生, 一直延续到将来的某一点, 并且将可能延续下去，强调到将来某一点时间动作可能结束或延续By Fridaymidday, they will have been working on it for seven days. (work on sth. 关于……的工作)
时间状语从句中用现在完成时代替将来完成时：
By the time I’ve completed this one, I’llhave been writing for six years.
【Special Difficulties】
Cost, Price, Value
cost ① n. 价格，价钱，费用(侧重指某项服务、工程等)，成本(复数)at the costof 以……的费用，造价……
② vt. 价钱为……，(使)花费(不用于被动语态)
price ① n. 价格，价钱(侧重于指某个具体东西或商品的价钱)，物价(复数)
② v. 问……的价钱，查明/查询……的价格；给……定价/标价
The dress is pricedat $50, but you can have it at $40.
I want to price the
bed linen in a few other shops before I buy any.我想在买床单前打听几家店的价格. value ① n. 表示抽象的价值或重要性，价值观(复数)The stolen items were of sentimental,
rather than financial value. 被盗物品更具有情感上的涵义, 而不是经济上的价值.
② vt. 尊重，重视value sth.认为……有价值
value sth. owned byoneself 敝帚自珍
Exercise练习
1 There hasbeen a sharp rise in the(price)(cost)(value)of living.
2 Whenever Ibuy anything new, my father always asks me the(value)(cost)(price).
3 If you haveto work for something you will(value)(price)(cost)it more.
4 Thathouse(valued)(cost)(priced) afortune to build.
5 Dr. James'swork is of enormous(value)(cost)(price)to the community.
6 Janehas(valued)(cost)(priced)thealternative products and she recommends this one.
7 So far, tencountries have given money towards the(value)(price)(cost)of rebuilding after the earthquake.
【Multiple choice questions】
2 The Hubbletelescope ___a___.
constant n. [数、物]常数, 恒量；adj. 不变的, 持续的, 坚决的
5 A robot-armwill hold the telescope ____a____the astronauts to repair it.
a. for b.sothat c.so long as d.which
for sb. to dosth. 基本结构
11 The mainmirror of the Hubble ____d___.
a. hadproblems b. was distant c.wastheclearest d. requires repairs had problems有问题
problem withsth. ……出问题 (习惯用法)
problem的两个含义：question；trouble
reauires repairs需要修理
12 The Hubbleis ____d___the earth's atmosphere.
a. below b.over c.within d.outside
above 在……之上(凌空)
above the earth’satmosphere 在大气层的上方
Lesson 62 Affer the fire
【New words and expressions】(15)
★control n.控制
in control 在控制之内under control 在控制之下,被控制out of control 失控
control sth.
I can control it.=I can manage it. 我能对付(口语)
under arrest 被逮捕
★smoke n.烟(雾)smoke v.吸烟
smokey adj.多烟的(名词加-y, 变为形容词)
smokey area 吸烟区 nonsmokey area 禁烟区
rain – rainy ；cloud -cloudy
smoker n.抽烟的人
heavy smoker 烟瘾重的人 nonsmoker不抽烟的人
Don't smoke! = Nosmoking!
He smoked heavily.
smoking area /smoking room 吸烟室
smokingapartment 火车上的吸烟车厢
cigarette =cigar n.香烟
★desolate adj.荒凉的(与地方相连，表示无人居住, 荒无人烟的)；极度孤独的(与人相连时)
lonely adj.孤独的，荒凉的，偏僻的(与地方连表示孤零零的，但并不表示无人居住)
★threaten v.威胁的
threaten to dosth. 威胁着要做……(与人相连)；有迹象表明……
It threatened torain. 有迹象表明天要下雨了。
threaten sb. withsth. 以……来威胁/恐吓某人
The thief threatened him with a knife.
★surrounding adj.周围的
surroundings n.环境(在周边的事物)
atmosphere n.大气层, 氛围(在周边的人文环境)
★destruction n.破坏, 毁灭
destroy v.破坏destructive adj.毁灭性的
construct v.建设(为……创造更好的条件)
construction n.建设,建筑construction bank 建设银行constructive adj.建设性的(意见)
build v.建设(具体的建某物)
★flood n.洪水, 水灾
flood = floods 都对，都可以用，无区别
★authorit n.当局(常用复数authorities)
authority n.权威(单数)
★spray v.喷撒spray sth. over/on 往……上喷洒
★quantity n. (数)量quantities of 大量的……
quality n.质量
★root n. 根What is the
root cause?根本原因是什么？root of… ……的根
take root 生根come out 长出来
shoot come out 发芽(shoot n.芽)
flower comeout 开花get out 出去
★patch n.小片，颜色和周围不同的部分
patch n. (平面上的)一片, 补丁(本意)
What is that yellow patch on the wall? 墙上那块黄斑是什么？a patch of 一小片 ；patches of 许多片
a piece of / a bitof / a sheet of 一片，一块……
★blacken v.变黑，发暗
-en后缀表示动词，译为“使……变得……”
weak adj. 虚弱的 —>
weaken v. 使……变弱，削弱
复合词(由两个词组合而成一个词)，如fireman
派生词(加前缀或后缀的词)如-tion —— 名词后缀； -
less —— 形容词后缀
【课文讲解】
1、Firemen hadbeen fighting the forest fire for nearly three weeks before they could get itunder control.
fight sth. 和……作搏斗
get it under
control表示“使它得到控制”，get有“使……处于某种状态”的含义，“get+宾语+介词短语”作宾补: Get the room in order.
2、A short timebefore, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around.
a short time before和a short time
ago都可以与段时间相连a short time before 不久以前，从过去某一点时间算起，一段时间以前a short time ago 过去某段时间，从现在算起，一段时间以前for miles around 方圆几英里(around表示“在周围，向四周”)
3、Now, smoke still rose up from the warm groundover the desolate hills. rise up (from) 升上来
4、Winter wascoming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction,for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floodsas well.
winter was comingon 冬季即将来临 (季节的来临的通用表达式)，come on的过去进行时形式表示的是过去将来时，它在这里表季节的“到来，来临”：
wash away 冲掉，冲走，洗掉
5、When the fire had at last been put out, theforest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed whichwould grow quickly.
put out 扑灭order 定购
type 强调与其他同类的东西有明显不同的特征的种类，与kind有区别
6、The seed wassprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes.
quantity单数时仅表示“数量”，既可以用于表示多也可以用于表示少： They drank a large
/great /small quantity of beer last night. quantity复数表“大量”：He bought books in (large) quantities.
7、By then,however, in many places the grass had already taken root.
take root表示“生根”，也可表某处思想/想法等“扎根”：The idea has taken root in his mind.
8、In place ofthe great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green hadbegun to appear in the blackened soil.
in place of 替代，取代 (只能指代位置、空间，原来放的东西现在不在了)
Jane answered thephone in place of Mary.
instead of 替代+没做的事
Instead of staying
home, I went to school. (此句就不能用“in place of”，而指地点空间时，既可以用“in place of”也可以用“instead of”。)
【Summary writing】
2 Now that all thegreat trees had been burnt, there was danger that heavy rain would causeserious floods which destroy the surrounding villages.
now that 既然 ；which 定语从句
3 To prevent thisthe forest authorities ordered grass-seed which was sprayed over the ground byplanes for nearly a month.
to prevent… 为了预防……
4 By the time itbegan to rain, the grass had taken root in the soil. by the time(that) 到……时候为止 (that可以省略)，应理解为“before”
【Key structures】
过去完成时和过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时的构成：had
been +现在分词
过去完成进行时用于强调某动作在过去更早的某一段时间内一直在进行，并对过去某一时刻产生结果，过去完成进行时也可用来表示过去经常重复的动作，还可以表示根据直接或间接的证据而得出结论。与它经常连用的表示时间的词有before，for，since，all day等。
在包含间接引语的句子中，如果引述词是过去时态，则现在完成进行时要改为过去完成进行时。
过去完成时与过去完成进行时有时可以互换。但需要表示某个工作已经完成时，只能用过去完成时。
When I arrived, they’d alredy put the fireout.
【Special Difficulties】
Control and Check
control ① vt. 控制，指挥，支配，管理
② n. 控制(能力)，支配(能力)
check vt.检查，核对，查看
Great and Big
great adj.大的(强调重要性)，伟大的，重大的，重要的Frank has just made a great decision.
big adj.大的(强调面积、体积、规模上的大)
Soil and Ground
soil n.泥土(能让植物生长的)，土，土地，土壤
Trees and grass grow quickly in rich soil.
ground n.地表，地面(与土壤无关)，场地，土地
【Multiple choice questions】
6 The planes____c___nearly a month to plant the seed.
a. did b.made c.took d.had
花费时间：人作主语用spend；用时间表达用take
9 Large____d____of seed were used.
a. weights b.measures c. tons d. amounts
weight n.重量 ；measures v.测量 ；tons n.吨large amounts 大量的，修饰不可数名词
11 Patches ofgreen had begun to appear. There was green grass ____d____.
a. every where b.only in one or two places
c. in oneplace d. here and there
patches许多快everywhere每一寸土地上here and there 这一块, 那一块, 很多快, 不一定是每一寸
Lesson63 She was not amused
【New words and expressions】(6)
★admire ① vt. 钦佩，赞赏
admire sb. forsth. 因为……羡慕某人
② vt. 欣赏，观赏
③ vt. (口语)夸奖，称赞
★close adj. 亲密的closefriend 亲密的朋友
★reception (＝party) n.招待会
wedding reception 婚宴
news conference 新闻发布会, 记者招待会
★sort n.种类，类型(常与of连用)
type 种类(有特殊特征的)
sort和kind有时可互换，但在下面两种情况下用sort：① that sort of person 那种人② sort可有讽刺意味That'sthe sort of thing you like best.
【课文讲解】
1、JeremyHampden has a large circle of friends and is very popular at parties.
have a large circle
of friends 有一个很大的朋友圈子, 交际很广＝sb. has/have a lot of friends
circle的含义之一是“(具有共同利益或兴趣等的人形成的)圈子，……界”
Such things arenever talked about in business circles.
2、Everybodyadmires him for his great sense of humour -- everybody, that is, except hissix-year-old daughter, Jenny.
that is为插入语，一旦插在句子当中,是作为固定结构, 意思是“那就是说，亦即”，起解释作用
sense of humour 幽默感
3、This is thesort of thing that Jeremy loves.
the sort of, the
kind of的后面加单数
4、He preparedthe speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny.
prepare sth. 准备做……，后面跟内容有关系
prepare for sth. 为…作准备后面不一定跟内容有关
5、He hadincluded a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was agreat success.
included 包含(把里面内容的一部分挑出来说)
contain强调容器里的包含, 后面一定要把所有的东西都列举出来
It was a great
success. 表示“这事做的不错,不同凡响,很成功”
6、Jeremy was alittle disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. a little稍微, 有一点
be disappointedby… 因为……感到失望
as +从句 如同……那样，以……的方式(方式状语从句)do asyou are told 按你被告知的做
7、Jeremy asked
her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many
people laughing at him! why this was so(this 可以作主语, 也可以作宾语，so 只能作宾语, 只能放在动词后面)
I think so. / Ihope so. / I guess so. / I expect so.
I refuse to doso. 我拒绝这样做
see sb. doingsth. 看见某人正在作某事
so many people 跟数字相连的前面一定要用so
★laugh ① vi. (大)笑
Everybody laughedout loud when he said that.
② vi. 嘲笑(介词用at)
如果laugh at后跟的是物，表示“因……而发笑”：
【Summary writing】
1.When Jeremy
Hampden, who is greatly admired for his great sense of humour , was invited to
make a speech at a wedding reception, he immediately agreed to do so.在不使句子产生歧义的前提下,定语从句可放在其所修饰的整个句子的后面, 如以下两句:
The brother, whowas standing near the house, wanted to go swimming./The brother wanted to goswimming who was standing near the house .
但下面的就容易产生歧义:
The brother, who wasstanding near the house , wanted to talk with the girl.
The brother wanted
to talk with the girl who was standing near the house. (有歧义)
【Letter Writing】
书信常见开头：
You must be very annoyed with me for…
I have just heard that…
【Multiple choice questions】
4 __a__Jenny, everyone admires him for his great sense of humour.
a. Except for b. Apart c.Except d. Unless
unless adv.除非except for ＝apart from
7 Jeremy wasa little disappointed. He was __d__disappointed.
a. little b.somehow c. enough d.somewhat
a little少量, 少许, 有一点点；little几乎没有。与形容词或副词连用时, 用a little；与名词连用时, 用a little, little都可。何时用a little, 何时用little, 是由说话人的态度区分somehow adv.不知怎么的
somewhat adv.有一些，有一点(＝alittle)
【语法精粹】
1 Simplephotographic lenses can’t __D__sharp, undistorted images over a wide field.
A. to form B. are formed C. forming D.form
情态动词后接动词原形构成谓语
2 Of all thefactors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ___B__the most.
A. it influencesfarmers B. that influences farmers
C.farmers that it
influences D. why farmers influence it 如一句出现了谓语动词,再出现动词则可能是：① 并列关系 ② 从句 ③ 非谓语动词 ④ 介词短语
why引导的从句一定是表语从句或宾语从句
