L6-U1-P3-1 Listening : Depression & Treatment 1

Depression & Treatment

Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.

He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.

Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications.

These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

(1) Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.
(2) He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.
(3) Sometimes he just listens and talks to patients, and sometimes he uses medications.
(4) These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

A psychiatrist is a doctor who treats people who have mental problems.

He has been a psychiatrist for many years.

As a psychiatrist, he treats people who have mental problems.

He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.

These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

He has been a psychiatrist for many years.

Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.

These medications affect the brain in many different ways.

Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all.

In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected.

Several years ago, he had a young patient who showed him why these treatments didn't work.

The patient's name was Bob.

He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help.

The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.

What did Jack know about the effects in different treatment? -In some cases they produced opposite effects from what he expected.

If Bob hadn’t attempted suicide…He wouldn’t have come to see Jack.

The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.

If he hadn’t attempted suicide, he wouldn’t have come to see Jack.

He was 20 years old when he first came to see Jack for help.

Why did Bob come for treatment ? He had tried to kill himself.

Bob wouldn't have to see Jack ...if he hadn't tried to kill himself.

The reason he came was that he had attempted suicide.

He wouldn't have come to see Jack if he hadn't tried to kill himself.

In some cases, a patient's response to a treatment was the opposite of what was expected.

Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world.

However, he was often extremely depressed.

Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.

It was anoverdose of drugs and alcohol thatnearly killed him.

His roommate called 911whenhe discovered Bobunconscious in their dormitory room.

(1) Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world.
(2) However, he was often extremely depressed.
(3) Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.
(4) It was anoverdose of drugs and alcohol thatnearly killed him.

What nearly killed him? He took an overdose of drugs and drank too much alcohol.

It was an overdose of drugs and alcohol that nearly killed him.

He took drugs and drank a lot because of his depression. 

Bob was extremely smart and was a student at one of the best universities in the world. 

Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.

If his roommate hadn’t called 911, Bob would probably have died.

However, he was often extremely depressed.

Once Bob recovered and was discharged from the hospital, he took time off from school to get help.

That was when he came to the clinic where Jack practices medicine.

At first, Jack attempted to treat Bob with antidepressant medications.

He also used conversation and recommendations to help him rethink his life and memories.

After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately.

Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively.

He also continued to go through periods of depression.

As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.

Why did they know that his treatment wasn’t working? — He continued to go through periods of depression.

After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately.Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively. He also continued to go through periods of depression. As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.

He wasn't able to return to school because his treatment wasn’t working.

He was still going through periods of depression.

As a result, he wasn't able to return to school.

- Because his treatment wasn’t working.

What would Bob have done had the treatment been successful ? He would probably have returned to school.

Had the treatment been successful, he probably would have returned to school.

After a few months, Bob began to improve, but only moderately.

Though he cooperated with the treatment, he continued to think negatively.

L6-U1-P3-2 Listening : Depression & Treatment 2

Because the treatment wasn't working, Jack tried something new.

He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob's brain.(Because the other treatments weren’t working.)

Brain scans are a way to look inside the brain to see how it is functioning.

What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.

They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.

There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.

An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling.

It can also contribute to feelings of anger and rage.

The fact that his brain was injured unbalanced explained why the treatments hadn't worked. 

What did Jack use to see how Bob's brain was functioning? — He used brain scans.

Why did he use brain scans? — None of his other treatments were working.

(1) What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.
(2) They showed that his brain was damaged in a way that nobody had anticipated.
(3) There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.
(4) An injury in this part of the brain can contribute to depression and negative feeling.

What did the brain scan show ? His brain was damaged.

What explain why the previous treatments hadn't worked? His brain was damaged.

The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked.

They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury.

Afterdiscussingthe injury with Bob and his parents, theyconcludedthat thecauseof the injury was from playing soccer.

In fact, Jackknew ofa quite few of soccer players whohadsuffered head injuries from playing that sport.

Headinga hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.

What was their conclusion about the cause of the injury? — The injury was from playing soccer.

They concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.

If he hadn’t played soccer, his brain wouldn’t have been injured.

They had failed because they didn't address the brain injury.

Why hadn't the other treatments worked? They didn't address the brain injury.

They concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.

Heading a hard soccer ball many times can damage the brain.

The brain scans showed why the medications and other treatments hadn't worked.

With this new information, Jack used a new medication to treat the injury.

Gradually, Bob improved, and after a few months was close to full recovery.

He no longer had any signs of depression, and was finally able to return to school.

Ultimately, Bob graduated from his university with honors, and entered a famous law school.

How did Jack know which medication to use to help Bob recover? — He chose it because it designed to treat the part of the brain that had been injured.

What did the new medication do? It helped his brain recover from the injury.

From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life.

If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself.

Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.

Jack now believes that brain scans can be an important tool for psychiatrists.

An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling,can work.

What was the key step in his treatment? — Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step.

From this experience, Jack realized that the brain imaging had allowed him to save Bob's life. If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself. Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.

He decided to use brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain.

There was significant damage to the front part of his brain.

What the scans showed about Bob was crucial.

An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling,can work.

Over the years, Jack found that some patients improved with treatment while others didn't improve at all.

From treating Bob, what had Jack realized ? -The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.

He used brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain to see how it was functioning.

He decided to use brain scans because his other treatments weren’t working.

The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.

He decided to use brain scans because his other treatments weren’t working.

If it hadn't been for the scans, Bob would have ended up killing himself.

He no longer had any signs of depression and was finally able to return to school.

Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.

They knew the treatment wasn’t working because he continued to go through periods of depression.

He used brain scans to look inside Bob’s brain to see how it was functioning.

The brain scans had allowed him to save Bob's life.  

L6-U1-P3-3 Dialogue : New Policy of a Company

New Policy of a Company

We've got a real problem on our hands.

We are getting a lot of complaints.

About the proposed new policy?

Yes,people think it's an invasion of privacy.

Don't they agree that regular exercise and staying in shape is good for everyone?

Sure, they agreed.

But they don't think we have the right to use an app to track how much they exercise.

Using the app is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.

- It's planning to use an app to track the daily activities of its employees.

What is the state of the new policy? — It hasn't been put into effect yet.

It's planning to use an APP to  ...track the daily activities of its employees.

This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.

That's not how they see it.

This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.

They have no freedom anymore.

Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.

Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem.

- It is intended to reduce health costs and improve productivity.

(1) This new policy will reduce our health costs and improve productivity, which helps everyone.
(2) That's not how they see it.
(3) This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.
(4) They have no freedom anymore.

Well, if you put it that way, I can see the problem.

We're getting a lot of complaints.

Its purpose is to reduce health costs and improve productivity.

It is intended to reduce health costs and improve productivity.

Why don't some employees like the proposed policy?— They think it gives the company too much control over their lives.

Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on the wrist means they have no privacy.

The data would be public and rank everyone's activities.

This kind of regulation makes people feel like robots.

People think it's an invasion of privacy.

They think it gives the company too much control over their lives. 

However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.

This is just a friendly reminder.

It's more than a reminder.

It makes things public, and puts pressure on people to meet the requirements.

It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.

There won't be any choice.

No, it doesn't have to be that way.

We can still be flexible.

That's not the point.

People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do.

It's better enough that they have to communicate with each other at night and on the weekends.

- The data would be public and rank everyone's activities.

In this exchange, the HR manager is presenting the point of view of employees who don't like the new policy.

What if we make the use of the app an option.     

If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it.

I think it's best that we get rid of this idea.

I'm all for standards, but what about freedom, and creativity.

If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.

-She thinks it would make any differences.

What if we make the use of the app an option?

If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.

People hate the idea that the company knows everything they do.

Creative people in particular won’t wantto be forced into changing their lives.

What if we make the use of the app an option? If you do that, it still puts pressure on people to use it. I think it's best that we get rid of this idea. I'm all for standards, but what about freedom and creativity. If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.

I think it's best that we get rid of this idea.

However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.

It will force people to work out even when they don't want to.

There are other ways to deal with health issues.

Such as... What's your suggestion?

Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.

No... That wouldn't work.

It will put pressure on people to come to work sick and get everyone else sick too.

If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.

What was her suggestion? — To give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.

If someone is sick, I'd rather that they stay at home.

There are other ways to deal with health issues.

Even if it were an option, it would still put pressure on people to use it.

He would rather have sick people stay at home than come to work.

Give extra holidays to people who take fewer sick days.

They don’t want the company to know so much about their lives.

Then here is a radical idea.

Why not let your department managers handle it?

They are the ones who decide on promotions and bonuses.

Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.

OK, I'll consider it.

For now, I'll give up the idea of using this app.

Please let people know that we are listening to them.

We do care about our employees.

I will, I'm sure people will appreciate it.

It shows that you have faith in them.

Thanks, I appreciate your advice.

What does he finally decide to do?— He gives up the idea of using this app.

Why not let your department managers handle it?

I appreciate your advice.

The policy is still being considered and hasn't been put into effect yet.

Setting everything in stone in the form of policies can be very dangerous.

It would require employees to wear a smart device and allow the company to track their activities.

>>Repeat & Read Sentences:  

I'm sure people will appreciate it.

Please let people know that we are listening to them.

Don't they agree that regular exercise and staying in shape is good for everyone?

It shows that you have faith in them.

I appreciate your advice.

Using the APP is the only way to make sure our employees get enough exercise.

Creative people often value their freedom more than other people and won't like the new policy.

But they don't think we have the right to use an APP to track how much they exercise.

It would encourage sick people to come to work.

He is going to consider letting the department managers deal with the health policy.

Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like this on their wrist means they have no privacy. 

L6-U1-P3-4 Reading : Preventing Injuries

Preventing Injuries

Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health. However, before engaging in them,it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people. Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body. A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving.

Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports. To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions. Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams into the hard human skull. Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.

Compression sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can also speed up muscle recovery when an injury occurs. Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit. When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself.

Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring. Understanding Injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise. The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery. Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time. For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.

What is the purpose for this article? To give advice about how to prevent injuries.

Which of the following is not a way to reduce the risk of injury ? ignoring the pain

An activity is strenuous if it ...requires great effort .

To reduce the incidence of something happening means ...to reduce its frequency.

To minimize something means ...to reduce it.

A contributing factor is something that is partly responsible.

What is a good warm up? This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body.

what can reduce the incidence of concussions ? To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions.

Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body.

Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports. To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions. Concussions are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams into the hard human skull. Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.  

(1) Exercise and a certain amount of strenuous physical activity are important for maintaining good health.
(2) However, before engaging in them, it's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring, especially for athletes and elderly people.
(3) Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.
(4) This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body.
(5) A good way to do this is through a series of static stretches followed by a series of dynamic stretches, which are done while moving. 

Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.

Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue.

Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue.

Once an injury occurs, it's too late to prevent it, and recovery can take a long time.

Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring.

It's important to know how to prevent injuries from occurring.  

Research shows that repeated concussions can have serious consequences.

For the elderly, a simple fall can be fatal.

A fatal accident or injury is one that causes death.

>>Exercises:

1. The tone of this article is helpful and informative.

2. Which of the following is a contributing factor in sports injuries? - fatigue

3. To minimize something means to reduce it.

4. A contributing factor is something that is partly responsible.

5. An activity is strenuous if it requires great effort.

>> Please tap the first correct sentence to appear:

1. What is specially important for contact sports?

Using the proper equipment is essential, especially in contact sports.

2. What can be a critical factor in the recovery process?

The support and understanding of coaches, teammates and family can be a critical factor in prevention and recovery.

3. What is a good warm up?

This consists of increasing your heart rate and the blood flow to all parts of your body.

4.What can reduce the incidence of concussions ?

To protect the head, for example, well-designed helmets can greatly reduce the incidence of concussions.

>> Fill in the blanks:

1. Compression sportswear is anotherwaytoreducethe risk of injury,especiallymuscle injuries. More and more athletes are using them because their use can alsospeedup musclerecoverywhen an injuryoccurs.

2. Anothercontributingfactor in sports injuries is fatigue. Doctors believe that fatigue is an importantwarningsign that the body hasreachedits limit. Whenfatiguedit is more difficult for the body to protect itself.Thereforeit's a good idea to stop an activity at the firstsignof fatigue. Rest periods, even forprofessionalathletes, canpreventserious injuries from occurring.

>>Put the sentences below in order:

(1) Doctors believe that fatigue is an important warning sign that the body has reached its limit.
(2) When fatigued it is more difficult for the body to protect itself.
(3) Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue.
(4) Rest periods, even for professional athletes, can prevent serious injuries from occurring. 

>>Repeat & Read Sentences:

Injuries can be minimized by doing a proper warm up.

Another contributing factor in sports injuries is fatigue.

Therefore it's a good idea to stop an activity at the first sign of fatigue.

Compression sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of injury, especially muscle injuries.

Understanding injuries and the body's reaction to them can help people cope with the problems that accompany physical exercise.

L6-U1-P2-5 Reading : Blood Pressure and Stroke

Blood Pressure and Stroke

A large international study has found that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of all the riskof stroke.Of that list, five risk factors usuallyrelated to lifestyle are responsiblefor a full 80 percent of stroke risk. According to the researchers these risk factors - high blood pressure,smoking,abdominal obesity, diet and physical activity - are modifiable and can be controlled.

The findings come from a study of 3,000 people who had had strokes and an equal number of healthy individuals with no history of stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of all participating stroke survivors, according to the researchers.

Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk.Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke: ischemic,the most common form(caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments. Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake.The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well.High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.

Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies, but this is the first stroke risk study toincludeboth low-and middle-income participants in developing countries.The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.This highlights the need for health authorities in those countries to develop strategies to reduce high blood pressure, salt intake and other risk factors.

What is the most common form of stroke? blockage of a brain blood vessel

What does the study confirm? The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.

According to this article, ... lifestyle factors are responsible for most strokes.

Which of the following is not the risk factor for stroke? high intake of fish and fruits

In this situation, "across the board"  means ...for all groups.

If something bursts, it ...suddenly breaks.

Someone's lifestyle is their habits and manner of living.

To be associated with something means ...to be linked to it in some way.

Health authorities need to developed strategies to reduce high blood pressure.

High blood pressure accounts for a third of all stroke risk.

Which risk factor is the most important? Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor,accounting for one-third of all stroke risk.

What is one lifestyle modification to control blood pressure?  Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake.

What does the study confirm? The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.  

A large international study has found that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of all the risk of stroke. Of that list, five risk factors usually related to lifestyle are responsible for a full 80 percent of stroke risk.

Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk. Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke: ischemic, the most common form (caused by blockage of a brain blood vessel), and hemorrhagic or bleeding stroke, in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

(1) Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments.
(2) Lifestyle modifications to control it include increasing physical activity and reducing salt intake.
(3) The other lifestyle risk factors are modifiable as well.
(4) High intake of fish and fruits, for example, is associated with a lower risk of stroke.

>>Repeat & Read Sentences:

Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments.

Many of the same risk factors have been reported in other studies.

Blood pressure, it was noted, plays a major role in both forms of stroke.

The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke in both developing and developed countries.

Across the board, high blood pressure was the most important factor, accounting for one-third of all stroke risk.



Health authorities need to developed strategies to reduce high blood pressure.

High blood pressure accounts for one third of all stroke risk. 

L6-U1-P3 SPEAKING

There's going to be a sale next week, so I hope she doesn't go shopping tomorrow.

He wishes he had a car, but he doesn't have enough money to buy one.

If that flight leaves on time, we’re going to miss it, so let’s run.

He wouldn't have come to see Jack if he hadn't tried to kill himself.

Jack is a psychiatrist, which means he treats people who have mental problems.

He has been treating patients for many years and has used a variety of treatments.

However, I don't see any other way to change people's habits.

If we go ahead with this policy, I think we will lose some of our best people.

Why not let your department managers handle it?

I wish we didn’t have to run, but if we don’t hurry, we’ll miss the next bus.

If that flight left an hour later, we wouldn’t have to get to the airport so early tomorrow morning.

If that flight leaves on time, the next shuttle bus may not get us to the airport on time.

It was a new medication designed to treat that part of Bob's brain that had been damaged.

Detecting and treating the injury to the front part of his brain was the key step in his treatment.

An injured brain must be healed before other treatments, such as vitamins, drugs or counseling, can work.

Their task is to maitain tht station during the months of total night.

If that flight left a few minutes later, we could take the next shuttle bus.

The forest area near the reactor site is one fo the most radioactive places on Earth.

He decided to use brain scans because his other treatments weren't working.

Thery concluded that the cause of the injury was from playing soccer.

Because of his depression, he took drugs and drank a lot of alcohol.

Blood pressure is easily measured, and there are lots of treatments.

High blood pressure accounts for a thind of all stroke risk.

The study confirms that high blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke.