动物们都去哪里了----现在人类都被封锁着了
Where the wild things are — now that humans are locked down
疫情期间的观察或会带来更多的人类城市建设的规划
（这句话直译时的意思有点难表达，我个人理解这句话的意思是通过在疫情期间的各类观测，会得到以往所没有的收获，则会让人对城市的规划产生更多的思考，思考如果使得人类与动物间能和谐共处）
Observations during pandemic may yield more human urban planning
作者：哈佛职员作家 Colleen Walsh
BY Colleen WalshHarvard Staff Writer
DATEAugust 31, 2020
由于新冠肺炎的封锁管理迫使数十亿人不得不呆在室内，野生动物开始在世界许多地方活动（大放异彩）。据报道，（可看到）郊狼在旧金山漫游，海豚在伊斯坦布尔沿岸嬉戏，野山羊在北威尔士小镇的街道上徘徊游荡。
As COVID-19 lockdowns forced billions indoors, wildlife came out to play in many parts of the world. Sightings have been reported of coyotes roaming through San Francisco, dolphins frolicking along Istanbul’s shores, and wild goats wandering the streets of a North Wales town.
研究人员一直在观察。一组专家最近创造了“人为暂停（anthropause）”一词来描述大流行期间人类活动在全球范围内的放缓，并指出这种情况可能对人类与野生动物的相互作用（影响）产生至关重要的见解。
And researchers have been watching. One group of experts recently coined the term “anthropause” to describe the global slowdown of human activity during the pandemic and noted the conditions could produce critical insights into human-wildlife interactions.
由克里斯蒂安·鲁兹（Christian Rutz）领导的研究团队在2019–2020年间拉德克利夫研究所（Radcliffe Institute） 最近发表在《自然生态与进化》上的论文中说道：“在“人为暂停”期间，协调一致的全球野生动植物研究将做出远远超出保护科学知识的贡献—它将挑战人类以重新考虑我们在地球上的未来。”该论文相当于呼吁利用在新冠肺炎大流行时期收集的数据研究人类活动对野生动物的影响，并暗示这种研究会产生“重新改造我们的生活方式，与其他生物种互利共存”的机会。
“Coordinated global wildlife research during the anthropause will make contributions that go well beyond informing conservation science — it will challenge humanity to reconsider our future on Earth,” wrote the team of researchers led by Christian Rutz, 2019–2020 Grass Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, in a recent article published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. The paper amounts to a call to study humankind’s impact on wildlife using data collected during the pandemic, and suggests such research could yield “opportunities to reinvent the way we live our lives, and to forge a mutually beneficial coexistence with other species.”
今年春季，圣安德鲁斯大学的生物学教授Rutz与一名在动物行为和乌鸦这方面的领先专家在Radcliffe奖学金的支持下共同发起了全球研究计划。在三月份回到自己的家乡苏格兰不久（由于新冠肺炎的大流行，比原计划提前了几个月），Rutz和几位生物学家开始通过电子邮件讨论如何利用人类活动暂时停歇的机会，研究它对鸟类、海洋和陆地野生动物的影响。
Rutz, a biology professor at the University of St. Andrews and a leading expert on animal tool behavior and crows, co-launched the global research initiative this spring during a Radcliffe fellowship. Shortly after returning to his home in Scotland in March (several months earlier than planned due to the pandemic) Rutz and several fellow biologists began discussing via email how they could take advantage of the pause in human movement to study its effects on avian, marine, and terrestrial wildlife.
Christian Rutz said scientists have long studied human-wildlife interactions but have struggled to understand whether animals have been most affected by human infrastructure.
Kevin Grady/Radcliffe Institute
作为国际生物日志协会的主席，该团队由世界各地的野生生物学家组成，他们使用微小的可附加在生物体上的电子标签（所谓的“生物记录仪”）来跟踪动物的活动和活动方式，Rutz知道他和他的同事有一个独特机会收集关键数据，所以他们向该学会大约1000名国际成员发出了呼吁。
As the president of the International Bio-Logging Society, a group of wildlife biologists from around the world who track animal movements and activity patterns using tiny attachable electronic tags (so-called “bio-loggers”), Rutz knew he and his colleagues had a unique chance to gather key data, so they made an appeal to the society’s roughly 1,000 international members.
“我们进入封城状态。即便如此，一直以来这些小的跟踪设备一直在记录大量动物的数据”他说：“我们意识到这是一次很好的机会，利用封锁前、封锁期间已及解封后所跟踪到的数据，对人类与动物间的互动进行前所未有的深入的了解。”
“We went into lockdown, but all the while these little tracking devices kept recording data for a large number of animals,” he said. “We realized that there was an opportunity to use these tracking data from before, during, and after lockdown to gain unprecedented insights into human-wildlife interactions.”
Rutz的团队在文章中确定了他们的计划，敦促有关当局允许科学家在封城期间继续进行研究，并鼓励当地追踪项目的负责人和高质量的人类出行数据的所有者加入他们的全球协作。
In their article, Rutz’s team defined their plan, urged relevant authorities to allow scientists to continue their research during lockdown, and encouraged leaders of local animal tracking projects and owners of high-quality human mobility data to join their global collaboration.
不久，他们便收到来自同事的300多个响应，这些同事在追踪上从小型花园鸟类到大型鲸鱼的各种动物。“我所看到的最后的数字表明，全球279个种群中我们已经获得了 180个种群的数据。” Rutz说：“这提供了一个超越轶事观察的机会，并也提供了可以研究物种，生态系统和地理区域更广泛的模式。”
Soon they had more than 300 responses from colleagues tracking everything from small garden birds to massive whales. “The last numbers I’ve seen indicate that we’ve been offered data for 180 species across 279 populations from all around the globe,” Rutz said. “This provides an opportunity to go beyond anecdotal observations and to look at broader patterns across species, ecosystems, and geographic regions.”
最近几周，社交媒体上充斥着各种图片，展示了动物对人类活动减少的反应。有人看到海豚在意大利的里雅斯特湾游泳、在智利圣地亚哥街头的美洲狮还有光天化日之下以色列特拉维夫公园里的豺狼。与此同时，由于封锁，一些其他动物似乎也面临着严重威胁。据报道，在世界某些地区，靠人类残羹剩饭生存的猴子和海鸥正面临着饥饿，而野生动物保护区的暂时关闭加剧了犀牛和大象等濒危动物被偷猎的威胁（风险）。
Images have flooded social media in recent weeks offering glimpses of how animals are responding to having fewer humans around. Dolphins have been seen swimming in Italy’s Gulf of Trieste; pumas on the streets of Santiago, Chile; and jackals in parks in Tel Aviv, Israel, in broad daylight. But other animals appear to be facing serious threats due to the lockdowns. According to reports, monkeys and seagulls that survive on scraps of human food in some parts of the world are going hungry, and the temporary shutdown of wildlife reserves has heightened the poaching threat to endangered animals such as rhinoceroses and elephants.
Rutz 说，长期以来，科学家们一直在研究人类与野生动物之间的相互作用，但一直在想方设法弄清楚人类基础设施对动物是否产生了的最大影响，比如建筑物和道路，人类是在动物中间的存在，还是两者的结合。人类活动的短暂停歇”给科学家们提供了精确地回答这个问题的机会，因为，由于最悲惨的原因，人类被短暂地排除在这个等式之外。
Rutz said scientists have long studied human-wildlife interactions but have struggled to understand whether animals have been most affected by human infrastructure, such as buildings and roads, the physical presence of humans in their midst, or a combination of both. The anthropause has given scientists the chance “to get precisely at that question because, for the most tragic reasons, humans were briefly taken out of the equation,” said Rutz.
“当前社会大部分地区的封闭使世界回到了几十年前才能观察到的人类活动水平。”Rutz补充说：“研究人员可以研究关于人类行为的微小变化也可能对全球物种产生巨大的有益影响。”
The current closure of large parts of society has returned the world to levels of human mobility observed only a few decades ago, added Rutz, allowing researchers to study how even small shifts in human behavior might have a dramatic beneficial impact on species around the globe.
Tracking a hawk moth and a straw-colored fruit bat.
Photos by Christian Ziegler ©
“没有人要求人类保持着永久禁闭的状态，”Rutz说：人们会继续他们的生活，他们将会旅行，也应该去旅行。但我们预料到将有机会进行一些相对较小的改变，这些改变将对我们的交通网络(陆上道路和海上船只路线)的布局和运营产生重大影响。如果我们通过对不同物种和不同地区的重复分析后发现一种特殊的交通路线布局会对动物造成伤害，我们便可以提出具体的改善建议。
“Nobody is asking for humans to stay in a state of permanent lockdown,” said Rutz. “Humans will go about their lives. They will want to travel, and they should travel. But we anticipate that there will be opportunities to make relatively minor changes that have significant impact to, for example, how we lay out and operate our transport networks — roads on land and vessel routes at sea. If we find through our replicated analyses, across different species and regions, that a particular way of arranging traffic routes is really bad for animals, we can make concrete proposals for improvements.”
这项研究还可能对世界抗击一种可能起源于蝙蝠，然后传播给人类的致命病毒产生重大影响（也就是所谓的新冠病毒）。鲁茨认为，这个项目可能有助于阐明病毒从动物传播给人类的问题。
The research could also have dramatic implications for a world battling a deadly virus that likely originated in bats before spreading to people. Rutz thinks the project could help shed light on the transmission of viruses from animals to humans.
“我无疑认为，我们对野生动物的运动和活动模式了解得越多，特别是跨物种和跨栖息地的活动模式，就会对描述疾病潜在传播的模型了解得越多。” 鲁茨说: “我们的项目触及了人类与野生动物相互作用相互交流的核心，这当然是理解疾病如何从动物传染给人类的关键。
“I definitely think that the more we understand about the movements and activity patterns of wild animals, especially across species and habitats, the more informed models will be that describe the potential spread of diseases,” said Rutz. “Our project gets at the heart of what happens at that human wildlife interface, which is, of course, key to understanding how diseases may jump from animals to humans.”
尽管COVID-19在全球的影响在现代是前所未有的，但切尔诺贝利事件所带来的灾难及其对周围野生动植物的影响暗示了Rutz及其团队可能会发现的结果。多年来，科学家们研究禁区的野生动物种群，这里的禁区是指乌克兰以北的核电站周围约1600平方英里的区域。1986年4月该区域核电站的一个反应堆发生熔毁后，10万多名居民被迫永久撤离。在2015年的一项研究中，研究人员报告称，“经过近三十年慢性的暴露于辐射后，发现了一个丰富的哺乳动物群落”，并指出：“在切尔诺贝利事件发生之前，哺乳动物的密度可能因狩猎，林业和农业而受到抑制。”
Although the global impact of COVID-19 is unprecedented in modern times, theChernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster and its effects on the surrounding wildlife hint at the kind of results Rutz and his team might find. For years, scientists studied wild animal populations from the exclusion zone, the approximately 1,600-square-mile area around the plant in northern Ukraine that was permanently evacuated of its more than 100,000 residents after one of the plant’s reactors melted down in April 1986. In a 2015 study, researchers reported finding an “an abundant mammal community after nearly three decades of chronic radiation exposures” and suggested that prior to the accident, “mammal population densities were likely depressed due to hunting, forestry and agriculture.”
Rutz说:“在COVID-19导致的最悲惨的情况下，这是一个研究的机会。但我们感受到，身为一个研究团体，这是一个我们不能错过的机会。我们能够从未来的发展中吸取一些重要的教训，不仅仅是只对野生动物的保护，同时也是为了在这个日益拥挤的星球上规划自己的未来。
“This is a research opportunity that has come about through the most tragic circumstances due to COVID-19,” said Rutz. “But we feel, as a research community, that it is an opportunity we cannot afford to miss. We will be able to learn some important lessons going forward, not just for wildlife conservation, but also for planning our own future on this increasingly crowded planet.”
原文出处：https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/08/covid-lockdown-offers-insight-into-human-wildlife-interactions/
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